Implied_terms free essay sample

When a contract is written, those terms that are explicitly written into the contract are said to be expressed terms; however, there may be terms that are implied by the nature of the contract. An Implied term is a term not written into the contract but Is still enforceable. For example, it is an implied term In any construction contract that the resulting structure will be built to code. There are two types of implied terms: those required by statute (acts of a leglsldtlve body) and those required by legal precedence. For example, in Ontario, the minimum wage is currently $10. 25 by government regulation. This would be an implied term by statute in any employment contract In Ontario. Any terms Implied by statute refer specifically to a specific class of contracts: for example. certain terms are implied in all residential leases, For the purposes of contracts, however, the inclusion of Implied terms occurs only when the terms are essential to the contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Implied_terms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us look at the precedence setting case of The Moorcock [1889]. Figure 1 A steamship from the late 19th century (photo by Ken Crosby). Precedence In 1889, the Moorcock was a steamship whose owner entered into a contract with the owner of a wharf in order to unload cargo. While the ship was docked, the tide went out causing the hull of the ship to hit a ridge damaging the ship. The owners of the wharf claimed that there were no terms in the contract to ensure the ships safety nor could the owners have foreseen the damage caused to the ship. The court, however, found that there was an Implied warranty: Bowen L. J. said that [l]n business transactions such as this, what the law desires to effect by the implication is o give such business efficacy to the transaction as must have been intended at all events by both parties who are business men; not to Impose on one side all perils of the transaction, or to emancipate one side from all the chances of failure. but to make each party promise in law as much, at all events as it must have been in the contemplation of both parties that he should be responsible for In respect to those perils or chances. The Lord Justice argued that it was the owners of the wharf who were best positioned to determine the safety of any ship docked and thus they were nder an obligation to ensure Its safety. As referenced in Marston [1], the case of Pigott Construction Co. v. W. J. Crowe Ltd. [1961], Laidlaw J. A. In his declslon referred toa previous case In England. The 1901 case was later appealed to the Supreme Court which dismissed the appeal: This Court was in full agreement with the reasons for Judgment delivered by Laidlaw J. A. on behalt ot the Court ot Appeal. Insight In the case of Hamlyn Co Wood Co. 18211, Lord Esher said l have for a long time understood that rule to be that a Court has no right to Imply In a written ontract any sucn stlpulatlon, unless, on conslaerlng tne terms 0T tne contract In a reasonable and business manner, an implication necessarily arises that the parties must have intended that the suggested stipulation should exist. It is not enough to say that it would be a reasonable thing to make such an implication. It must be a necessary implication in the sense that I have mentioned. It is important to note the relationship between reasonable and necessary. Another case raised by Marston is that of G. Ford Homes Ltd. v. Draft Masonry (York) Co. Ltd. [1983] where a subcontractor supplying circular staircases failed to review he relevant building codes and instead presented to the contractor a selection models of which the contractor choose one that, upon installation, did not have the required clearance. The subcontractor was required to replace the staircase and then sued to recover the cost of the replacement. The Ontario Court of Appeal, however, noted that the subcontractor either knew or should have known the relevant code requirements and that there was an implied term that any construction would be built to any code. Aside A more recent case is that of Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board 1992]. Here, four doctors were employed by the board but had not worked the requisite forty years required to obtain full pension benefits. Employees, however, had the option of topping up their payments within twelve months of beginning work to get the full entitlements. As the employer did not inform them of this option, they failed to obtain full pensions. The House of Lords ruled that the employers had breached their contractual duty by not informing their employees about their rights. I would define it as the relationship of employer and employee where the following ircumstances obtain: (1) the terms of the contract of employment have not been negotiated with the individual employee but result from negotiation with a representative body or are otherwise incorporated by reference; (2) a particular term of the contract makes available to the employee a valuable right contingent upon action being taken by him to avail himself of its benefit; (3) the employee cannot, in all the circumstances, reasonably be expected to be aware of the term unless it is drawn to his attention. Some content has been taken from Wikipedia together with verification and odifications by this author and therefore this document, with the exception of those paragraphs explicitly referenced to Marston, are licensed under the same the same licence.

What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Essays

What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Essays What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Paper What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Paper Essay Topic: Religion Jainism is a religion of severity. Its goal is passionless detachment, reached only through the most severe and disciplined lifestyles, culminating in death by voluntary self-starvation. The aim is to achieve the goal solely by self-effort without the help of God or gods; Although these self-imposed austerities often include benefit for others. Jains have long been active in promoting public welfare. They are known especially for their endowment of schools and hospitals for people and animals. Ahimsa meaning non-violence is the basis of Jainism. Sikhism based on a loving and ever-present God experience in the here and now is much less concerned with other worldliness. The stress is on this life, this existence and achievement of a state of physical/spiritual equipoise through constant engagement in the Divine Being (Naam). The Sikh religion is perceived as possessing two basic features, one being a mystical aspect the other more aggressive, military and world affirming. Jains constitute what is the only major religion in the world that is unconditionally vegetarian. The Sikh book of Laws, the Rehat Meryada only rejects the eating of meat which is halal-or kosher. The focal point of worship is different between the two religions. Jainisms rejection of God does not entail rejection of prayer and worship-contemplation. Jains contemplate on images of Lord Mahavir (meaning Great Hero) or other Jainas- (previous Tirathankaras). The Sikhs pray on the teachings of their eternal guru, the living guru, Guru Granth Sahib and their ten masters before. This is not worshipped as a holy book It is the knowledge therein that the Sikh adopts into his way of life. Ultimately for a Sikh, God id the profound realisation based on mature reflection of saints and prophets regardless of their religion, caste, class or status in human society. Jains do not believe in a creator God you are the controller of your destiny as in the laws of physics. The meditative focus of the Jains is on the inner light or the Tirathankaras (ones who reached salvation). They believe in energy having its own intelligence the theory of evolution. In Jainism there is no concept of a holy book. It was only introduced when the British courts of Law in their time in India, required one for oath taking procedures. It was at this time that the Kalpasutra containing a biography of Lord Mahavira written by a monk called Bhadrabahu, after the demise of Mahavira. This is one of 45 books of his writings on logic, universe, code of conduct etc. Mahavira and the other unorthodox teachers of his age were primarily interested in seeking liberation from the wheel of rebirths. Sikhs believe in there being a God without parallel and meditate on the One who is the Absolute Truth a formless God. Sikhism promotes belief in the Grace of God. They believe that God may forgive and pardon humans for their sins and wrongs Sikhs believe in a loving God. Jains talk about forgiveness without involving God in it. Sikhism is theistic (believe in God) and Jainism is atheistic (dont believe in Gods existence). Jains observe fasting during the festival of Paryushan/ Samtsari. Sikhism does not sanction any kind of fasting. Explain the main beliefs/ teachings of Jainism, comparing where appropriate, with the teachings of Sikhism (own faith) Jainism is a non-Vedic Indian religion (they do not believe in the teachings of the Vedas). The Vedic religions accept the authority of the Vedas and Vedic literature (Hinduism). Whereas Jainism accepts the authority of its own Agamas and Agamas literature- Holy Scriptures, Jainism completely rejects the notion of a creator God, an external entity. Jainism is a representation f the Sramanic culture. Jainism is humanistic in its approach and spiritualistic in its depth. Religious fervour and moral earnestness are closely associated and subscribe to the view Religion if taken seriously and rationally will be deeply moral, but it is not morality. Sikhism is a whole life socio-political religion. Its aim is to uplift the personal lives of individuals to a higher social and spiritual levels. Sikhism believes in the Oneness of God, a formless God and teaches against idol worship in any form. Jainism promotes belief in worship of a living god as Mahavir and other Tirathankaras, though they do not idolise these saintly figures. Jains worship the idea of attaining a god-like status within themselves. Jains do not believe that the universe has been created by a super-being and adopt belief in the scientific theory of the Big-Bang, laws of physics energy having its own intelligence- theory of evolution. There are similarities like setting aside a portion of ones earnings towards charity and welfare of the creation and faith. Sikhism places great importance on the underlying spirit (dharam) of religion, which is the recognition and dedicated pursuance of ones duty in life. Jainism is close to this ideal although it is much more prescriptive. Jainism occupies itself with a religious outlook: 1 The nature of the self 2 The goal of human pursuance 3 The doctrine of karma 4 The meaning of spiritual awakening 5 The incentives to a spiritual life 6 The performance of spiritual exercises such as control of five senses. The Sikh way of life relies on truthful conduct and a short formal code of discipline- Rehat Meryada, based on some basic injunctions issued by the Tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The Sikhs seek daily guidance from the Word Guru, the eternal Guru, Guru Granth Sahib and the teachings therein. Sikhism believes in the existence of one Omnipotent reality called Waheguru. Jainism does not promote belief in a creator, they worship the idea of attaining god-like status within themselves. The Jain mysticism turns around two concepts Self ( atmaan) and higher Self (Paramatmaan). Each soul is a potential god i.e. Paramatmaan. As soon as the karmic limitations are removed the self realises its real nature and a state of pure perfection. Now the various innate capacities of the soul find their full expression and the soul exhibits its potential divinity. Mahavira is the figure behind Jainism-believed to be the 24 Tirathankar-Ford maker in the current era of cosmic decline. He found salvation and became a completed soul, Kevalin and conqueror Jina. The name Jain is derived from Jina.Mahavir taught for 30 years before passing away at Pava,near Patna in Bihar. Mahavir was much more of a rationalist than the Brahaminists He rejected revelation and based his religious scheme on logic and experience. He accepted the somewhat pessimistic view of the human situation and was concerned for release. As he saw the situation, the human soul was enmeshed in matter and could only gain liberation through losing its accumulation of actions and their consequences. At the heart of the Sikh religion lies the idea of the guru. God is perceived to be the true Guru-his divine and creative Word(Shabad) came to mankind in a distinctive way through ten historical figures each of whom was called a guru. God is one, the ultimate and eternal guru(satguru) who provides enlightenment and understanding for the disciple, by his own Grace. In is transcendent state he is beyond description. Gods grace enables sincere devotees to experience Him through worship and meditation. In its origin the sikh religion possesses a strong mystical and devotional basis. For Jains the Three Jewels to attain salvation are * Right knowledge * Right faith * Right conduct Right knowledge comes through the Jain creed, Right faith through believing in it and Right conduct through following it. The first two are worthless without the last so Jain monks and nuns, laymen and laywomen take vows of right conduct, the most important and all embracing of which is non-violence. For the sikh way of life,the founder of Sikhism taught the practice of truthful living * Kirt karo earn your living by honest means * Naam Jap meditate on the Oneness of God, One Absolute Truth * Vand shakna share your earnings with the needy. A3: Discuss the main beliefs on Jainism comparing them with the fundamental beliefs of Sikhism. (includes main vows) The four classes recognised by Jains are different to the quadruple division of society of the Vedic religion. The basis of division of classes in Jainism not birth but conduct. The divisions are known as 1. Sramanas monks ) homeless mendicants 2. Sramanis nuns ) 3. Sravakas laymen ) householders 4. Sravikas laywomen ) Jainism gives full freedom to all human beings to observe the vows. It provides equal opportunity to all persons to practice self discipline according to their capacity. The observers of vows are divided into two broad categories-ascetics and lay people. The ascetic observes great vows Mahavratas since he/she ceases completely from violence. The lay votary practices small vows Anuvratas in as much he/she desists partially from violence etc. Hence the ascetic vows are complete or great whereas the lay-votarys vows are partial or small. E.g. The lay votary is forbidden to commit gross violence i.e. destruction of higher forms of life those with more than one sense organ But the ascetic is prohibited to commit subtle violence also i.e. taking of lower forms of life beings with one sense organ. The five great vows for an ascetic are in the form of non-violence, non-truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness. An ascetic is also enjoined to practice the sixth vow of abstention from taking food and drink after sunset. The ascetic is also forbidden to commit any sin i.e. violence etc in any form. He is enjoined upon to refrain from all the sinful activities subtle and gross, physical, vocal, and mental. He neither commits a sin himself nor causes others to commit it; nor approves of its committal by others. The Jains accept the Hindu idea and beliefs in that the soul is always reincarnated, (reborn), and karma (deeds). In direct opposition to Buddhism, it teaches the existence of Self as a stable and external principle.

Media Influence upon Teen Eating Disorders Essay

Media Influence upon Teen Eating Disorders - Essay Example Thesis Eating disorders in teens are caused by false body images popularized by media and propagated by media advertising. Teenagers copy and borrow their identities from the media trying to look like their favorite film stars or glamorous men and women splashed all over billboards. While others procedure in trimming down their bodies are having strict diets and even go to gyms in order to be physically fit. But several people especially those who suffer obesity are trying to take medicines-which might lead their lives at risk because of the content of the medicines-which will burn out their unnecessary fats. According to statistical results, "up to 10 million teens develop eating disorders, abnormal attitudes and behaviors with foods, which include anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa" (Eating Disorders 2005). If a teenager does not meet certain standards she/he can be "excluded" from social interaction. Media popularizes slim bodies depicting that a slim body can make teens happier and even luckier. The problem is that, in most cases teens change their appearance in order to meet social identity but no t because of absolute necessity. These health problems had already been known for quite some time and yet, though young girls are in focus as being most affected (Eating Disorders Starting to Bite 25). Recent studies show that the psychological disease of eating disorder is quickly spreading beyond young girls and even to young men. As western pop culture is shipped abroad to sell western commodities, the problem goes as well like unwanted freebies that are stuck and taped around a product. Black, Asian, and Hispanic girls are plagued by unhealthy eating habits because they simply wish to achieve the same physical attributes of celebrities they idolized (Gauntlett 36). Society's response to social identity and sets limits on the behavior and beliefs that can be tolerated in society, slim bodies, ideal body shape and a thin waistline. "Super models in all the popular magazines have continued to get thinner and thinner. Modeling agencies have been reported to actively pursue Anorexic models" (The Media 2007). Differences in social identity can motivate teens to acts of extreme violence against those whom they classify as 'other'. To avoid these stereotypes teens are forced to change their appearance in order to meet criteria of an ideal body. Social identity plays a crucial role in contemporary society determining certain standards of body image and beauty. "Community of culture and unity of meaning depicted by different media are the main sources that allow the construction and experience of social identity" (Hamburg 75). This search is also evident at the individual level through the need to belong to a community. In the current era, the ideal body represents one of these standards: social identify is its product. Films, magazines and popular TV shows depict the differences between an ugly and ideal body which can be achieved by diet. "On television, in magazines and newspapers, we are continually exposed to the notion that losing weight will make us happier and it will be through "THIS diet plan" (The Media 2007). Critics admit that the young audience is easily affected by popular images and media idols. In many cases, media forces teens to change their a

Definition essay You Pick Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition You Pick - Essay Example During this time there were numerous protests and people of a certain political persuasion demanded to â€Å"Ban the Bomb.† People felt that WMDs—especially nuclear weapons—were a kind of genie let loose from a bottle. Once loose, every country would develop nuclear weapons and everyone would hold everyone else hostage. These fears were heightened when both India and Pakistan developed nuclear weapons about 10 years ago. And when North Korea declared itself a nuclear power three years ago. Fear of a nuclear Iran continue to dominate American and Israeli foreign policy. But there is more to weapons of mass destruction than nuclear weapons. There are chemical and nerve agents, there are biological agents such as plague and anthrax. Many governments are known to maintain WMD programs and they are part of many militaries’ attack plans. On the flip side, there are many treaties in place to block their use but some countries stockpile them and use them as a deterrent. They have been used in the First World War (mustard gas), the Second World War (the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), and when Saddam Hussein used them against his own people (the Kurds), as well as in many other instances. The term entered the public domain in a very significant way during the Iraq War, when the American government said Saddam possessed WMDs and that was the main reason why they would have to invade Iraq. It was, however, very hard to finds these weapons in Iraq in the end. There were great debates at the time about whether he had an active program or whether he had dismantled it. In fact he had had a program in the past and had dismantled it, but had told everyone publicly that he still had it in order to deter his enemies. Because of the terms salience in the debate about the Iraq War, weapons of mass destruction was named word of the year in

Should a Piece of Literature Be Judged on Its Literary Merits Essay Example for Free

Should a Piece of Literature Be Judged on Its Literary Merits Essay Steven Brust once wrote: â€Å"In my opinion, the proper way to judge a novel is this: Does it give one an accurate reflection of the moods and characteristics of a particular group of people in a particular place at a particular time? If so, it has value. Otherwise, it has none. † (Brust, Steven. 2005. Sethra Lavode). Brust, quite clearly has joined this debate regarding literary theories. He claims that if aspects of literary piece, aside from its own merits, are not significant then it has no worth. It is continually and widely argued by critics of literature whether a book should be based on its literary merits alone, or if only certain aspects, such as history, regarding its writing should be relevant. The relationship between history and literary work is often questioned. There are four main models that have been devised to explain this. The first regards a piece literary work as universal and belonging to no time period. The model states that historical context has no significance in literary texts, and that both should remain autonomous from each other. Critics are concerned with literary texts being artefacts in themselves that surpass the possibilities of a particular time, thus the idea of specific historical context is dismissed. R. S. Crane supports this view and in an essay said history is part of â€Å"the general history of culture† whereas literature should be â€Å"imaginative works considered with respect to those qualities which can truly be said to be timeless†¦ quite apart from any knowledge of their origin or historical affiliation† (Crane, Ronald. 1967.‘History versus Criticism in the study of literature’, in The idea of the Humanities and Other Essays Critical and Historical, Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press). In short, this model centres around the basis that a literary work should be judged on its, as Crane said, ‘timeless qualities’ for example the quality of its linguistic features and other aspects that give a work literary merits. The second model regarding history and literature is based on the idea that the historical context of a literary piece helps lead to proper understanding of it. A text is produced within a certain historical context but this should remain separate from the literary context. This model is often favoured by critics that analyse literary texts by considering their historical background and context. This can be regarded to any aspectwhether it is: political, cultural or linguistic. A 1934 study by Basil Willey: The Seventeenth Century Background: Studies in the Thought of the Age in Relation to Poetry and Religion shows even by its title a support for this model. It is implied that Willey and similar critics agree that historical context forms a foundation of understanding when studying a literary text. They would argue that literary work in order to be analysed must be understood and to be understood needs to be looked at in respects to its historical context. The third model when looking at the relationship between pieces of literature and history is essentially the opposite of the second. It centres on the idea that a literary piece can help us understand the time in which it is set. This is explanation talks about realist texts in particular and how they can provide creative depictions of historical events or periods. It assumes that literary texts are almost subordinate to their historical context and they are reflections of their time. For example Keith Thomas appeals to Shakespeare to justify this point of view: â€Å"In Shakespeare’s plays, the curses pronounced by the characters invariably work†¦ not just for dramatic effect† but that â€Å"it as a moral necessity that the poor and the injured should be believed to have this power of retaliation when all else failed† (Thomas, Keith.1971. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Century England. London: Wensfield and Nicolson). This model is known as the reflective approach, it regards literary work as an aid to develop our knowledge of history using the historical context of a literary piece. The last model regarding literature and history is probably the most complex, though it is also seen as the most interesting to theorists. It claims that literary texts are connected with other discourses and this makes literature itself a part of history that is continually being written. Critics that agree with this theory, widely known as ‘new historicists’, argue that the question of the relationship between history and literature is wrong; despite their differences the last three models assume that ‘history’ and ‘literature’ are fundamentally separate. They distinguish between the interpretations of literary texts and the transparency of history. Stephen Greenblatt writes in an essay: â€Å"methodological and self-conscious is one of the distinguishing marks of the new historicism in cultural studies as opposed to historicism based upon faith in the transparency of signs and  interpretive procedures† (Greenblatt, Stephen. 1990. ‘Towards a poetic of Culture’, in Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture. London: Routledge). Hence, new historicists argue that the making of the literary texts is a cultural practice, and only differ in their specific mode. No absolute distinction can be made between literary and other cultural practices. Theorists such as Hayden White, claim that this model implies that just like literary texts the ‘facts’ of history need to be read (tracing the past is similar to telling a story). In an extract from White’s book, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism, He writes: Histories ought never to be read as unambiguous signs†¦ but rather as symbolic structures, extended metaphors, that ‘liken’ the events reported in them to some form with which we have already become familiar in our literary culture†¦ By the very constitution of a set of events in such a way as to make a comprehensible story out of them, the historian changes those events with the symbolic significance of a comprehensible plot structure. (White, Hayden. 1991. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press) Considering this we would come to the conclusion that methods of (critical) analysis should be suitable for both history and literary texts. In short, a new historicist perspective think that in the reading of a literary text the idea of historical context cannot be settled, and that this context is decided by a negotiation between the text and the reader Ultimately, the majority of literary theorists fall on the side that accepts the use and aid historical context when critically analysing a literary text. Only the first model seems to completely disregard historical context in literary work for the belief that a piece of literature should be ‘timeless’. The second and third model accept historical context as part of the method of analysing a literary piece. However, still confidently differentiate between literature and history, they are seen as merely aids for each other. The last model is set apart from the rest as it does not polarise the categories and treats them as to intertwine subjects that cannot be considered without each other. In my opinion historical context should be relevant to the reading of literary text, it is inevitable that the two should overlap especially during an in depth analysis of a literary text.

Waterford Meadows, Waterford, Michigan :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

I grew up in a Waterford Michigan in a neighborhood called Waterford Meadows. The neighborhood consisted of middle-working class citizens, almost entirely Caucasian Americans, nuclear family households (domestic unit consisting of parents and their unmarried children), and the men were the breadwinners while the women homemakers. Today Waterford is a growing township; commercial buildings on every corner, new subdivisions, bigger roads, and high class dining restaurants. When I was a child, in the early eighties, Waterford was not as populated as it is today. Many who lived there where elderly people living in much older homes. Waterford doesn't have a down town area were people can take a Sunday stroll but it does have an abundance of beautiful lakes. Hence that's where the name comes from. With every road that's traveled there is a lake to be seen or one near by. Often the lakes are taken for granted by people who live here. We often forget there beauty and how rare it is to have so many surrounding us. Summers and winters tend to never be boring around Waterford. A trait that most of us who live here learn is how to swim at a young age. It is vary rare to find a person who doesn't know how to swim in Waterford. There are always lakes to ski on, jet ski, or tube in for some summer fun and always lakes to ice-skate on in the winter. Waterford's only other landmark would be the Waterford Wave Pool. This place is a big attraction in both the summertime and wintertime. People of all ages and from different areas come and join the fun at the Wave Pool. It is basically a small water theme park located in Waterford. In the summertime there is a gigantic pool where more then 200 people can swim in and every 10 minutes a bell rings and waves start to form. To the left of the big pool is a kiddies pool where the young ones swim. Towards the back are two gigantic water- slides. There are places to eat, a playground, and plenty of water to swim in. In the wintertime a gigantic toboggan run is made, its nickname is the "Fridge." There are also many Ice Skating rinks. It is a place to relax while having fun with family and friends during the changing of the seasons. A unique feature of Waterford is the fact that 4 townships neighbor it; West Bloomfield, White Lake, Walled Lake, and Union Lake.

Impact of Social Networking Websites on Business

IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES ON BUSINESS | Asheri George MatembeleApril 16, 2013| Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction3 Literature Review3 Comparison of Social Networking Websites5 Benefits of using social network websites for business6 How to Use Social Networking Websites for Business8 Problems Associated with Social Networking Websites10 Conclusion10 References11 AbstractA social networking website is a social structure build-up of individuals or organizations called â€Å"nodes†, which are connected by one or more specific types of mutuality, such as friendship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike relationships of beliefs, knowledge, prestige and information. This paper focuses on social networking websites and their impact on business. It aims to identify opportunities and ways to be effective as promoters of businesses to Internet users all over the world, 24 hours and 7 days, creating unlimited possibilities for advertising potential.This paper revi ews the best social networking websites currently used as well as examples of ways in which business can use these types of websites to expand their target markets. This article also gives insight about the threats and challenges associated with social networking websites, as well as things for businesses to watch out for if they determine to use these types of websites. Social networking websites will continue to shape the ways in which businesses collaborate and communicate, both inside and outside of enterprise.Introduction A social networking website consists of a social structure build-up of individuals or organizations called â€Å"nodes†, connected by one or more specific types of mutuality, such as friendship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike relationships of beliefs, knowledge, prestige and information (McLaughlin, 2012). This paper focuses on social networking websites and their impact on business. It aims to identify opportunities and ways to be effecti ve as promoters of businesses to internet users.Social media are a platform for business visibility. Keywords create a marketing buzz. The most relevant social networking websites currently used are reviewed first and ways in which businesses can use these types of websites to expand their target markets considered next. Some of the threats and challenges associated with social networking websites as well as red flags for businesses to watch out are then discussed. Literature Review – What is Social Networking Website?A social networking website is an online service or website filled with millions of individuals who are seeking to meet other people, to gather and share first-hand information and their experiences about golfing, gardening, cooking, developing friendships or professional alliances, seeking employment, marketing such as advertising, get customer’s feedbacks and even groups sharing information. It is an online service, website or platform that focuses on b uilding and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, who, for example, share interests and/or activities.Social Network Services are also increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. – Facebook Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, while he was a student at Harvard in 2004 and originally called thefacebook and that domain was registered by someone else back in 1997. The general concept was to digitize the legendary freshman-year â€Å"Facebook,† and allow students not only to gawk at one another’s photos but also to flirt, network, interact.Eventually, the web site moved beyond college to everyone and nearly 1 billion people have a Facebook profile. Facebook users can create a profile page that shows their friends and networks information about them-selves. The choice to include a profile in a network means that everyone within that network can view the profile. The profile typically includes Friends, Friends from other Networks, Information, Status, Notes, Groups, Likes, Photos, Videos and The Wall which is the major feature of Facebook. – Google+Google+ is basically Google's latest attempt at creating a social network. Unlike with Facebook where uploading a post will show up on user’s profile for all of user’s friends to see, Google+ lets users do things a little differently. Circles, Sparks, Hangouts, Instant Upload and Huddle are major features of Google+. The concept of Circles is user can have a family Circle, a BFF Circle, a co-workers Circle, and even an â€Å"Epic bros† Circle. Sparks is a feature that lets users select certain areas, interests or hobbies that user particularly like.Google+ Hangouts are quick video â€Å"conferences† that enabling broadcasters to go live with friends and fans, for around the world to see. Instant upload which lets users take a photo and instantly upload it to a priva te album in the cloud server. Huddle is one of the best features of Google+ is Huddle, which lets users coordinate with friends and family in real-time. * Twitter? Twitter was started out as a micro-blogging website has quickly grown into a social messaging platform and one of the top social networks in the world that allows users answer the question, â€Å"What are users doing? by sending short text messages 140 characters in length, called â€Å"tweets†, to their friends, or â€Å"followers†. Twitter is phenomenon that transcends social networking to provide an outlet for news, trends, buzz, and chat among many other uses. Twitter is a combination of various forms of communication such as email, instant messenger, VOIP like as Skype, Blogs and distribute content rapidly on the web through RSS feeds. – LinkedIn LinkedIn is a social networking website designed specifically for the business community with over 120 million members which were officially launched i n May 2003.A LinkedIn member’s profile page, which emphasizes their working experiences and education background, has professional network news feeds and a limited number of customizable modules. Network members are also known as â€Å"connections† and unlike other social networking websites such as Facebook or Twitter. LinkedIn needs connections to have a pre-existing relationship. The members of can seek for jobs, join groups, research companies, and network with members of their network. Companies can post information about the company and career opportunities listings on company pages.Companies can also establish the connection with LinkedIn members for recruiting purposes. – MySpace MySpace is a popular online social networking website that composed of personal profiles aimed for mostly at a younger membership. It is extremely popular with teenagers and young adults. It allows users to post images of their self, blog about their ideas and concerns, and post comments on other users’ profiles. MySpace included features such as chat rooms, forums, classified ads, newsgroups and a venue for sharing videos or music like as other online social networking websites.A MySpace profile can be a very important connection to fans of celebrities because MySpace was originally founded as a venue for aspiring musicians and bands to share music and concert dates. The variety of details included in the profile is submitted voluntarily by users. MySpace is easy to use for anyone to submit profile information, even if they have lack of online experience. Comparison of Social Networking Websites There are several different social networking websites and hard to decide which are best for the business. Following figures and tables will give insight to choose suitable one for business somehow.Figure 1: Number of registered users on Major Social Networking Websites According â€Å"Figure: 1†, vast amount of users are registered in Facebook. Goog le+ and Twitter has only 25% of number of Facebook’s registered users. Businesses can be reached many targeted users on the Facebook easily more than other social networking websites. Figure 2: Percentage of Gender distribution by major social networking websites Benefits of using social network websites for business Businesses are getting insight about the benefits of using social networking websites to retain and attract customers.They began to see that their competitors are taking many advantages because of using social networking efforts, they quickly followed suit. Nowadays most of the businesses can be found on asocial networking websites. They are communicating with their customers and clients via social networking websites. They are updating their information or statuses and occasionally acting like they are a part of community. For some people, interacting with businesses on social networking websites gives them an opportunity to experience first-hand how that compan y deals with the public.Most people are becoming accustomed to receiving customer support via a social network. Social networking websites can break the barriers of customer contact significantly so that businesses are using social networks to help their marketing campaigns. For businesses that are willing to shoulder the load, this new medium represents an opportunity in order to keep in touch with customers and update them constantly about companies’ information. This represents are an unprecedented opportunity for businesses which are willing to add values and engaging with customers.The benefits of social networking for business cannot be underestimated as it becomes a crucial component to business. The benefits of using social networking for business are as follows: – Online Presence and Branding Business can create their profile in social networking sites and allows people to see their brand or products and get awareness from user that their business exists. They can post valuable content to those web sites to attract the users. – Customer Service and Engagement Social networking provides a channel for business to interact with their customers and enables customers to provide feedback on the marketing message quickly.It provides as a useful tool to have a direct conversation with their customer base and see patterns of customer’s feedback. It also gives company a platform to be creative in using different social media tools to engage their customers and gain their loyalty to the business. – Lower Cost/Free Advertising Businesses can advertise their products and services for free or at lower costs when they make full use of social networking sites. Social networking sites can be used as a media which help companies find new customers and break the barriers of customer contact. – Find Business Partners or EmployeesAt social networking sites, businesses can find out new business partners, employees, other brands and even their competitor. Businesses can send out messages to notify people they are hiring or accepting applications and they can use these social networking sites to seek out employees. How to Use Social Networking Websites for Business Businesses can establish and maintain business relationships with colleagues and their customers on social networking websites. Some firms are taking it further still and using social networking sites to actively promote themselves and their businesses.Businesses have a number of ways to develop unique advertising methods on each social networking websites and those websites offer several avenues such as the banner ad advertising, creating a profile and page or creating events and groups. * Banner Ad Advertising? Banner Ad advertising is a most popular and majority of advertising method on the Internet. Most of social networking websites have that kind of advertising method and running on every web page which a user must access to view messages, comm ents, and others’ profiles.Often these ads are animated or still images, making them users to see and click on them. eMarketer reported that the global revenue of banner ad advertising from social networks is expected to reach $10 billion by 2013. Figure 3: Social Networking Websites’ Ad Revenues Internationally Figure 4: Percentage Change of Social Networking Websites’ Ad Revenues Internationally – Creating a Profile and Page Many companies have profiles on social networking websites and the information on a profile reflect on those businesses.Therefore they post or upload about their services or products so that users may view them and engaging for clients. This would be a way to keep in touch with their customers for businesses. At the companies’ profile, the user could post concerns, comments, and ideas while viewing blogs on product updates. Companies can review the likes, interests and expressed needs of their customer base from profiles. The y can also use this information to determine how customers’ profile characteristics fit into their marketing targets. Creating groups and Events Another way to use social networking websites is the creation of groups or events according company’s product or service. Moreover, the business can create a group of people who like or interest the product and open discussion forums so that users can share about their experience with the products. Most of the social networking websites are allowed users to create events and those events could be sponsored by the company. The social networking website’s users are partically doing the advertising for the company. Problems Associated with Social Networking WebsitesMost of the businesses concern about privacy and security issues in social networking websites. This is the majority problem since the purpose of social networking websites is for public for personal reasons, a person’s whose privacy is compromised suffer s much distress. Increasing of hacking the account is also another problem suffered by social networking websites. Even though it is a problem, can be protected by user reducing the amount of their personal information they post on the internet. Some of social networking websites services do not agree security is not a major problem.Although many social networking websites have enhanced their security and privacy system, much remains out in the open for regular predators to harm and affect the lives of others. The purpose of visiting social networking websites for most of the people is for their personal reasons or for leisure. So that businesses should realize how to be contributing about their information among users with lack of risk and beware of the personal space of the users. Conclusion Social networking websites are becoming popular among current generation.Even there are many opportunities as well as challenges of social networking websites for business. Most important step for any business is to create a policy of using social networking websites. Businesses are struggling with rapidly developing of technology. Technology is constantly changing the way of doing business at internet and businesses should be aware of these changes. It is in the best interests of a company to know what social networking websites are suitable to its References Daniel Nations, The Top Social Networking Sites, AUG 12, 2012, from http://webtrends. about. om/od/socialnetworking/a/ social_network. htm Darren McLaughlin, Benefits Of Social Networking Websites For Business, AUG 20, 2012, from http://mosthostserver. com/? p=5118 Google+: A Basic Cheatsheet for Marketers, AUG 19, 2012, from http://www. sociableblog. com/2011/10/04/googlepl us-cheatsheet-for-marketers/ Jennifer Bergen, Google+: What is it, and how do I get it? , AUG 15, 2012, from http://www. geek. com/articles/mobile/google-what- is-it-and-how-do-i-get-it-20110628/ Part of the Internet acronyms and lingo glossary , LinkedIn, AUG 15, 2012, from http://whatis. techtarget. om/definition/LinkedIn Part of the Internet applications glossary, MySpace, AUG 17, 2012, from http://whatis. techtarget. com/definition/MySpace Using social networking sites for business marketing: Advantages and disadvantages, AUG 25, 2012, from http://brooger. com/using-social- networking-sites-for-business-marketing- advantages-and-disadvantages/ What is Facebook? , AUG 12, 2012, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-facebook. htm What Is Social Networking? , AUG 12, 2012, from http://www. brickmarketing. com/what-is-social- networking. htm What is Twitter? , AUG 15, 2012, from http://mashable. com/what-is-twitter/