Maggots have a standard development

Maggots have a standard development1. Introduction1.1 Anatomy of MaggotsMaggots breathe from the anterior end of their body to witness oxygen as they burrow through tissue. They bury with the help of cardinal sharp digging hooks. Maggots have a standard development i.e. egg-larva-pupae. The developmental compass point washbowl be determined by the distance of the maggots. Maggots grow at an increased rate with higher temperature.(Giangiuliani et al. 1994)Maggots atomic add 18 short in proportion to its thickness and its minuscul atomic number 18r at the two ends than in the middle. There is line of dots on the body of maggots these are the m out(p)hs of air adviseals which serve as a lung. They have smooth out skin and are commonly of light cream colour.(Schoofs et al. 2009)Some of them have tails for the motion in the water. The movement of maggots with feet is a mixture of locomote and walking. The crawling motion is an alternate elongation and contraction of one hal f(a) of the length of the body. First, the front half lengthen and stretch forward while the following half is contracted and unrighteousness versa. The walking is performed by a successive motion of each pair of feet that support these alternate contractions and elongations of a body making take aim and tail alternately fixed.(Schoofs et al. 2009)1.2. Life Cycle1.2.1. home vaporize (Musca demostica) life history beatFemale flies can place around 500 washrag eggs in numerous of groups of around 75 to 150. The lengths of these eggs are approximately 1.2 mm. It takes about 24 hours for the eggs to be hatched by larvae know as squats (Singh and Vardanis 1984). The main source of sustenance for consumption of maggots is generally slain organic material give care decomposing garbage or faeces. These legless creatures are unhinged in colour and grow 3-9 mm in length. Larvae stage wears no less than a week before they crawl to a dry tranquil place due to their transformation i nto reddish brown pupae which reach up to 8 mm in length. The mature flies then come out of the pupae. This whole biological process of physical development after the larvaes birth is called complete metamorphoses. The life of expectant flies is between 2-4 weeks or even continuing under controlled laboratory conditions. The issues of flies come to an end after coming out of the pupae. The small size of some flies does not indicate their maturement stage, be draw at this point flies do not grow up any more, but of course it is the result of inadequate consumption and escape of food during the larval phase. (Bennet S.M. 2008)Some female flies become ready to mate after 36 hours of emerging from the pupae. She is then mounted and inject with sperm by a male from behind. The duration of mating lasts from few seconds to few minutes and the female stores the sperm to frequently produce eggs. The males job is to protect a legitimate territory to make sure no other flies or insects tress pass the theatre and as well to try and mount the female trespassers. (Bennet S.M. 2008) serious like other insects flies too depend on the warm temperature. The warmer the environment, the more active and faster they are in their development and vice versa. (Bennet 2008)1.2.2. Blue bottle flies (Calliphora vomitoria) life cycleBluebottle flies are a little longer than normal house flies, around 10-14 mm in length. They are blue colour as the name suggests, with dull gray head and thorax, red eyes, dark legs and antenna, clear wings and a body cover with bristle.(Wooldridge et al. 2007)The eggs of blue bottle fly is placed by a female usually as the same place as her consumption battlefield which could be either rotting meat, garbage, and, or faeces. Just like the house fly larvae (maggot), the larvae of blue bottle fly cognise as Calliphora larvae is also pale-whitish. As before long as these maggots emerge from their eggs, they begin to consume on the surrounding dead or decaying organic material. After few days of consuming, the larvae are fully grown and ready to wrap themselves into thick brown cocoons in a dry cool area where they can stay in for two weeks before emerging from it as an adult fly. Similar to housefly and other insects, the adult blue bottle flies and pupae hibernate during winter, and waken up by warmer temperature when they can be active again in mating, specifying eggs. These flies get involved in the activities such as pollinating of some flowers. (Kurashi 2008)1.2.3. leafy vegetable bottle (L. Sericata) life cycleThe female fly lays a bunch of eggs in an injured area, a corpse (dead body), or in necrotic (dead tissue) or decomposing tissue. The larvae of green bottle known as pinkie hatch from their eggs 8-10 hours after being placed in a warm sabotage area however this process could be delayed to three days in a cooler weather condition. The female fly can lay 130 to 172 eggs. The larvae are again pale-whitish. They are 10-14 mm in length. The larva consumes on the dead or decomposing tissue approximately for 3-10 days. This would change as the temperature increases or decreases. During this length of time, the larva goes through 3 larval stages. In the cool temperature of 16oC the first level of larva phase lasts about 53 hours, the second phase, 42 hours, and finally the third and the last phase will take 98 hours to fulfil this part of their life cycle. If the temperature increased to 27oC, the 1st stage would take 31 hours whilst the second stage lasts 12 hours and the 3rd stage will last 40 hours to achieve this particular life cycle. In the 3rd larva stage, the larva will move onto soil to pupate for 6 to 14 days. This will again change if the temperature is lower, and if it is in winter time, they can stay in the soil until the temperature of the soil increases again. Following the transformation of the pupa, the adult fly comes out from the soil and feeds on dead and decomposing tissue. It will take the mature flies two weeks until they begin to lay eggs. The whole duration of the life cycle of the blue bottle fly is between two to three weeks however this could be reduced during summer time when the temperature is higher which will consequently ex tip to the more action of the fly is at its most. There are normally 3 to 4 generations of L. sericata during each year. (Merih 2008)1.3 Human Infection and Medical Importance travel are commonly developed in unsanitary areas and manures in farms. The most common type of fly found around these areas is the house flies, also known as Musca domestica, scientifically. The major concerns with these flies are that it does not produce damage directly. They transmit pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes). (Fotedar et al. 1992) The morbific organisms are transferred by flies from sewages, travel-stained areas and wastes onto their mouthparts, via their feces and vomitus and then to kind or food.One of the specific problems is the movement of flies from the animal feces to the food soon to be consumed by the human. Moreover, flies can subscribe the pathogens consumed from unclean or microbe infested area in its mouthparts or alimentary canal for several days, which are transmitted through regurgitation or defecation (Fotedar et al. 1992). Critical health problems can arise if there are food stalls, hospitals or meat market nearby in areas where proper plumbing is necessary such as open latrines or an open drainage.1.3. 1. A few common diseases ca utilize by fliesTwo methods of infectious transmission by flies are mechanical and biological transmission.1.4. MaggotsMaggots are usually found in decaying bodies. They give an indication of time elapsed since the conclusion and the place of the death, by identifying the stage of their lifecycle and species. Their DNA is utilize to identify their species. The size of house fly larvae is 10 20 mm. Histeridae (another insect family) feed on larvae. Thus, the lack of maggots would increase the estimated time of death. A few other species of larvae are bred specifically for angling or as the food for pets such as reptiles or birds.They are used in the production of some cheeses (casu marzu).Necrotic wounds can also be cleaned out with the help of maggots.Maggot debridement therapy is the use of disinfected and live fly larvae to promote the ameliorate of wound by necrotic tissue cleaning. The maggot is introduced to the non ameliorate tissue debridement of an animal or a human. (Jones and Wall 2008)Dressing containing maggots are used to seal the non healing wound of the patient. The dressing is air permeable for the maggots to live. They are unable to reproduce in the dressing when they are satiated as they are immature. The length of the therapy depends on the severity of the debridement.1.4.1. The mechanism of actionThe maggots are used in the medical field for the three main reasonsDebridementThe wound cont aining the necrotic tissues is the ideal breeding area for bacteria leading to septicaemia, amputation and gangrene. The healing of the wound is stopped if the necrotic tissues have not been cleaned out. The surgeons can only debride the tissues they can see. This a lot results in the removal of strong tissues along with the dead tissues causing pain in patient. If a tissue containing dead cells is not removed, bacteria may cause infection to the nearby well behaved for you(p) tissues, spreading it further. Therefore the maggots are used in specific areas where the surgeon is unable to remove the necrotic tissues. The healthy tissues are not damaged by the maggots. They consume with precise boundary. Maggots obtain nutrients by extracorporeal digestion. Proteolytic enzymes are used to liquefy dead tissue, which are later absor butt. (Jones and Wall 2008)DisinfectionThe wounds are harder to treat if they contain antibiotic resistant microbial strain. Although maggots are used to clean out the necrotic wounds, it contained secretion which could disinfect a bacterial infection. The infections can be life threatening. The secretion contained allantoin, phenylacetic acid, urea and calcium carbonate and proteolytic enzymes. The microbes that are resistant to these secretions are lysed and ingested within the maggots. A few of the pathogenic bacteria that are finished and inhibited by the maggots are MRSA, Gram-positive strains and group A and B streptococci. (van der Plas et al. 2007)Wound healingEpidermal growth factor and IL-6 are amplified by the maggot secretion. The growth of the fibroblasts and chondrocytes are also stimulated by the secretions. Moreover, wound exodus and formation of granulation tissue are also stimulated. (Li et al. 2009)1.4.2. LimitationsOnly moist wounds are worthy to maggot therapy. Adequate oxygen supply is also necessary. Although dry wounds can be moistened with saline soaks, it does not provide a good feeding environment for the maggots. Maggots often have a short life span which restricts its long-term use. Patients may also find them distasteful or disgusting. Therefore polymer bags are used to kill them from others site. (Li et al. 2009)The three types of flies that are studied in our project are1.5. House flyThe most common type of flies found in most homes is the houseflies also known as Musca domestica. These flies are considered a pest as it carries the common diseases.Houseflies feed onsputum, feces, and humid decaying organic materials.They can only take in foods in liquid form. Therefore, they use their saliva to predigest the solid food which is later sucked in. House flies also swan certain digested food and take it again to its abdomen.Mechanical transmission of organisms on fliesParasitic diseases Cysts ofprotozoae.g.Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambliaand eggs of helminths e.g.Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuros trichura,Haemenolypes nana,Enterobius vermicularis. (Frster et al. 2009)VirusesEn terovirusesPoliomyelitis,infective hepatitis(A E). etcBacterial diseases Typhoid, cholera, dys reckony, pyogenic cocci, etc. House flies have been confirmed to be carriers ofCampylobacter andE. coliO157H7 using Polymerase Chain Reaction. (Ahmad et al. 2007)Polymerase chain reaction can also be used to identify the pathogenic bacteria contained in the house fly. (Ahmad et al. 2007)1.6. Greenbottle flyThe greenbottle fly comes from the species of itchfly, in the generaLuciliaandPhaenicia. The common species ofgreenbottle areLucilia cuprina,Lucilia caesar,Lucilia coeruleiviridis, andLucilia illustris.The maggots of the greenbottle fly feed only on dead tissues and not the living cells. Therefore the larvae of greenbottle fly are used in maggot therapy. (Graczyk et al. 2001)1.7. Bluebottle flyThe bluebottle fly is another type of blow fly known as Calliphora vomitoria. They are half an inch larger than the house flies. The rotting materials attract the adult bluebottle flies. These fli es tackle an important role in ecological system as they feed on dead or dying materials. It is usually the female flies that enter indoors. (Stevens 2003)1.8. The microbiology of maggots used in angling1.8.1. PinkiesAs its name suggest this maggot is pink in colour. Pinkies are the larvae of the green bottle fly, close to its relative the blue bottle and are about two thirds the size. They are usually about 15 mm long and have the same feed sack as maggots. desire maggots pinkies come in different colours amongst which the red maggot and the natural white are the most common but with one major exception, the fluorescent pinkie, a pink/red colour and usually devastating particularly in the winter. Fluorescent pinkies are very good in cold weather. Pinkies are good as hookbait for small fish at all times. However,being smaller than large whites they are less likely to overfeed the fish. Also being lively, pinkies tend to burrow out of sight into the bottom when fed into the swim. P inkies are small, light maggots best suited to canals, still waters and slow-moving rivers as they tend to smooth slowly in the water and fast flowing water will wash them a flair. (Adams and Hall 2003)Storage This is totally dependent on the age of the maggot. Maggots can be stored for 10-15 days provided they are kept cool, as cool environment slows dash off the natural ageing and development of the maggot in to its chrysalis state. Pinkies are sold in either saw dust or maize to keep them clean and in the best state possible. To keep maggots for any length of time it is wise to change the sawdust or maize regularly. Pinkies kept for ages in the fridge can be going strong after 2 or even 3 weeks. (Adams and Hall 2003) lot The pinkie should be hooked in the same way that you would hook the white maggot, through the bearded end. As the Pinkie is small in size it stands to reason that the hooks need to be smaller too. Again when hooking the pinkie the maggot should reside livel y and no fluid should be released. (Adams and Hall 2003)1.8.2. SquattsThe squat or feeder as it is commonly known is the smallest of the maggot family and are the larvae of the housefly. The mature larva is usually 3 to 9 mm in length, chromatic whitish in colour, cylindrical but has a tapering head. The head consists a pair of dark hooks. These legless maggots emerge from the eggs during summers within 8 to 20 hours, and they immediately feed on the wastes the eggs were laid on. The fully grown maggots are 12mm long n are greasy on surface. The fully grown maggots move up to the cold dry place for their transformation into pupal phase. (Hou et al. 2007)They are usually used as loose feed and like the Pinkie are more suitable to still or slow moving water as they sink very slowly. The squat is rarely used as hook bait but can be if needed. The squat is a slow moving sluggish maggot that displays little activity when it is on the bed of the water. For this reason they are an excelle nt fish holding bait and are a good choice when used with ground bait. (Hou et al. 2007)Storage Squats are usually sold in damp sand which helps to stop the maggot from drying out. Unfortunately the squat will not keep for more than a few days so it1s a good idea not to buy too many at any one time. (Hou et al. 2007)Hooking These are not usually used as hook baits but it stands to reason that due their size they will need a small hook to hook them effectively. The squat when hooked should be hooked in the same way that you would hook the white maggot, through the bearded end.1.8.3. Calliphora larvaeThe white maggot is the larvae of the common Blue Bottle and is the largest of the maggot family. As soon as, the larvae emerge from their eggs, they begin to consume on the surrounding dead or decomposing organic material. Once they are fully grown within a flow rate of a week, they leave the carrion. (Stevens 2003)Most insect larvae have organs called stemmata which contain the photo receptors, however, these appear to be absent in maggots. There are a number of structures at the front end of a maggot that have at one time or another been suggested to be the site of photoreception. These include chemoreceptors and even the imaginal discs that are destined to become the compound eyes of the adult fly. (Stevens 2003)Good quality maggots will be lively and soft to the denote. They will have a black spot under the skin which is an indication of having recently fed (the larger the spot the younger the maggot). Maggots that are slow moving or firm to the touch are older and will therefore turn in to casters much sooner. (Stevens 2003)Storage This is totally dependent on the age of the maggot. Keeping the maggot cool slows down the natural ageing and development of the maggot in to its chrysalis state and can therefore be kept for 10-15 days. When kept in warm conditions they last not more than 2 days. Maggots that have been left in warm conditions become sweaty and will eventually die. Sweaty maggots stink due to which they will not be attractive to fishes. (Stevens 2003)Hooking As a general rule of thumb, small hooks should be used when hooking maggots. When the point of the hook is pressed across the beard of the maggot, the maggot should remain lively avoiding the release of fluids.1.8. Campylobacter SpeciesThe genus Campylobacter is a gram negative microearophilic curve shaped rods that can cause certain diseases such as Campylobacteriosis in both human and particular animals via infection and contamination from the genus itself. Most common species in human pathogens are Campylobacter jejuni and C. Coli and the least common ones are C. Lari, C. Hyointestinals, and C. Fetus. A very high summation of Campylobacter bacteria is detectable in the faeces of individual suffering from acute campylobacteriosis due to developing gastroenteritis. At this stage the Campylobacter could easily be detected and separated from the faeces sample using s elective agar plates, however at the later stage is more difficult to detect the bacteria in that way as the number of bacteria decreases in the samples due to the increase of the number of dead or injured cells interfering with microbial flora (Figure 15).This bacteria cause food born infections from mild to severe diarrhoea. This is a big concern in angling industry as the fishermen who eat food after handling the contaminated larva without washing their hands. Therefore they develop illnesses such as food poisoning and diarrheal illnesses.1.9. ReferencesAdams,Z.J.O. and Hall,M.J.R. (2003) Methods used for the killing and preservation of blowfly larvae, and their effect on post-mortem larval length. Forensic Science International 138, 50-61.Ahmad,A., Nagaraja,T.G. and Zurek,L. (2007) Transmission of Escherichia coli O157H7 to cattle by house flies. 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