Psychology Paper Essay Example for Free

Psychology Paper EssayIn this paper I am going to be talking about the philosophy of psychology in the nineteenth century. I am going to be discussing the roots in early philosophy leading into the 19th century that influenced the development of modern psychology, key philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings of psychology as a formal discipline, identify major philosophers in the western tradition that were primary contributors to the formation of psychology as a discipline and explore the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century.There were several philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings psychology as a formal discipline. John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume and John Stuart Mill are just a some to mention. John Locke made a distinction between guileless and complex. Simple ideas resulted from experiencing basic sensory qualities such as yellow, white, heat and so on, and from making simpleton reflections such as pleas ant. A complex idea includes sever ideas, which can be a combination of simple and other complex ideas. Complex ideas are compounds and can be ultimately reduced to simple ones, much as chemical compounds are composed of simple elements. (Goodwin, 2008).George Berkeleys work on mint was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Berkeley tried to show that our perceptions of the distance, size, and locations of objects are judgments that depend entirely on experience. We do non see objects directly rather we make judgments about them based on visual information and our experiences. Davie Hume came up with the rules of companionship, that ideas that are similar or happen at the same time are associated. He proposed three laws resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect.David Hartley, another dualist, believed that although the mind and body operated separately but also parallel to each other. He used association in his t heory of memories. He believed the strength of association relies on repetition (Goodwin, 2008). John Stuart Mill, known as the key transition figure in the call forth from the philosophy of the mind to the science of the mind (Goodwin, 2008), used a chemical rather than mechanical description in our complex ideas are made from simple ones. He believed that the mind was much more active than passive. Mills logic consists of the Method of Agreement, Method of Difference, and Joint Method.

Analysis of Islamic Banking in the UK

Analysis of Moslem Banking in the UKThis interrogation plan leave alone be a hub of attention to inspect the opportunities of progress and growth as well as the major challenges to Moslem banking in the UK. The UK is the hub of Moslem banking and contains importance in Moslem monetary sector delinquent to its unbendable growing Muslim population. Islamic banking is facing about(predicate) great challenges in the UK beca engage the financial clay is more favourable to accomplished banking. There argon greater opportunities in the UK for exploitation and growth of Islamic financial system because Muslim community is eager to take financial products and they atomic number 18 allowing to spend their lives according to their religion. There is need to educate the Muslim community toward Islamic financial products service providers need to improve the selective information system within the communities and Islamic banking institution is need to work hard for survival and compete with conventional banking system in the sector of regulations and supervisions. The keywords in this question are Islamic banking, Islamic finance, Muslim population, Muslim scholars, Islamic banking growth in the UK and Islamic banking challenges.2.0 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCEAccording to the figures of Office for National Statistics 2001, in that location was 1.6 one million million million (2.8%) Muslims living in the linked Kingdom but according to Home Secretary the Muslim population is increasing with high growth rate. In retributory seven years there is an increase of 40,000 Muslims in the UK and figures reached on 2 million which consist of 3.3% of total UK population. There was no any facility lendable to Muslim community before 2000 but the Muslim population want to spend their lives according to their faith. According to Islamic teaching interest is strongly proscribed in Islam and they want to take banking go such as saving accounts, current accounts, home fi nances, insurance and loan according to Islamic shariah law law. The United Kingdom is non-Muslim country and all its financial rules and regulation in favour of conventional banking. Because the Muslim community is active part of the UK thrift, there was need to get started a system which is acceptable to these people. Islamic banking is started in the UK in 2003 with authorization of Financial services Authority.From 2003 to 2009 there is enough improvement and development in Islamic banking system. Currently two main high street conventional banks and one wholly Islamic bank are involved in Islamic banking services. besides Islamic banking institution is still in the growth and infancy stage and Islamic banking is facing diverse challenges in this Western society such as socially, economically, fund management and regulations. With increasing popularity of Islamic banking in Western countries particularly in the UK there are many difficulties in the way of Islamic Shariah law, Islamic banking system as well as the role of Financial Services Authority and UK Government are the critical issues. It is necessary to gamble forbidden the opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in the UK and major challenges are faced by Islamic banking.3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe main objectives of this proposal is to find out the opportunities for development and growth of Islamic banking in UK and challenges which are currently faced by Islamic banking in the world and United Kingdom specially. The main objective of this research proposal is to investigate the basic understanding of Islamic banking in community and inbanking sector because without basic understanding it is difficult to develop this financialsystem, whether there is any opportunity for growth and development in the UK and which kind of challenges is faced by Islamic banking.The objectives of the research proposal are toExamine that how important to shaft the fundamentals for Islamic banking for Muslim community and service providers.Investigate that do Muslims really believe and know the difference between Islamic banking and conventional banking and what are the factors which make Islamic banking prior to conventional for Muslim community.How important in Sha riah law and its practise for Islamic finance and the role of Islamic scholars in promoting Islamic banking services and products.4.0 LITERATURE REVIEWLiterature review illustrates the concept, scope and principles of Islamic banking around the globe in general and specifically in the United Kingdom. Islamic banking is a universal concept in the conventional banking, which is in practice with its many products in most of high street banks in the UK like HSBC, Lloyd TSB and as well Islamic Bank of Britain.5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThere are two main research paradigms confident(p) and phenomenological. It is possible that unlike authors may use the alternative terms for these main paradigms in different tim e. The most commonly and alternatively used the terms are quantitative research method for positivistic and qualitative for phenomenological (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The originally the positivistic paradigm was developed in the natural sciences to study natural phenomena and it is confirmatory and deductive in nature. The phenomenological paradigm was developed in the social sciences to facilitate the researchers to research and analyze social and cultural phenomena and this approach is exploratory and inductive in nature (www.socialresearchmethods). The paradigm is in truth important because it gives you a right path to use the right methodology. According to Collis and Hussy (2003 p.55) Regardless of which paradigm you are employing, it is important that you pay attention to all the features, and ensure that there are no contradictions or deficiencies in your methodology?. The paradigm of this research is phenomenological because it tends to produce qualitative data not quantita tive. The quantitative research is objective in nature that involves analysis of numerical data by applying statistical tests (Collis and Hussey, 2003). But the qualitative research is much more subjective in nature, concerned with generating theories and brush off be generalized in understanding of the phenomenon of challenges and opportunities of Islamic banking in UK.6.0 RESEARCH PURPOSEIslamic banking is a hot topic in western countries especially in the UK. In the UK almost 2 million Muslims community is living and they want to spend their lives according to their religion (www.guardian.co.uk). This community is well contributing to the economy of the UK due to this the UK government gives more importance in the sector of Islamic banking. Nowadays the UK is the hub of Islamic banking and most of the high street banks providing the services of Islamic window. collectable to this growing demand, Islamic banking faces some difficulties and challenges in western countries. The pu rpose of the study is to examine and analyze the growth and opportunities of Islamic banking in the UK.7.0 RESEARCH METHODFor this research retch, I chose to undertake qualitative research method. The qualitative method is a type of research that emphasizes the quality of meaning in consumer perceptions and behaviours there are different criteria or techniques can be used in qualitative method such as in-depth interviews and focus groups.The most common qualitative research techniques acknowledgeIn-depth interviewFocus groupCase studyDirect observation7.1 Reason for choosing In-depth interviewI chose in-depth interview technique for my qualitative research due to its unique advantages over other techniques such as focus group and questionnaires. In the way of in-depth interviews it is easy to speak to an individual and keep his attention on specific topic comparatively it is difficult in focus group interviews. There is a lot of time saving and reducing the hassles to take an app ellation from individual. The main advantage of in-depth interview is that the interviews can be easily conducted with key community leaders through that researcher can get a fast overview of a community according to his requirements.7.2 Sources of data7.2.1 Primary dataThis research is based on a study of the UK because growing population of Muslims community is contend positive role for the UK economy. Actually most of the Muslims want to spend their lives according to their faith. In this case study it will be examined that what are the problems and opportunities in the UK for Islamic banking. I will use the qualitative method of research in this project. There are different techniques of qualitative method but according to the topographic point the in-depth interviews is more suitable form for this project. According to Collis and Hussey (2003) in phenomenological approach the interview questions are unstructured or semi- structured in pattern not unlikable questions like pos itivistic approach. The plan is that the researcher will prepare semi-structured questions that are helpful to take maximum information from interviewees because in closed questions it is possible that some important information will be ignored. In semi-structured interviews the researcher has an opportunity to probe various areas and to raise specific queries during the semi-structured interviews.7.3 Data collection methodsFor the collection of primary coil data I shall use technique of in-depth interview. The plan is to hold the eight in-depth interviews from different sectors of the society. The researcher will hold four interviews from the banks authorities such as HSBC, Lloyd TSB and Islamic Bank of Britain that will give the clear facts and figures about the growth, opportunities and problems related to Islamic banking with reference to shariah compliance and Governmental authorities. Two with such Muslims who already customer of the Islamic banking which will facilitate the r esearch through providing the information why they did take up Islamic banking, advantages and disadvantages of this system and as well about the scope of Islamic banking in UK. Two with such Muslims that are not using Islamic banking product which will helpful to investigate why they nourish not taken the Islamic banking product and which factors are stopping them from these services that are according to their faith. My plan is to speak to non-Muslims that are using the Islamic banking products that will provide the best information for the growth and strong fundamentals of Islamic banking. The planned is to conduct these interviews through sending letters to banking authorities and emails to customer services department of the perspective banks to arrange an appointment. To take interviews from customers and non-customers of the Islamic banking the interviewer will use the posters advertisement in the mosques and libraries in that area where the Muslims are living in majority. T he interviews will be recorded using the voice recorder with the permission of the interviewees. If the voice recorder is not possible then the interviewer will take notes which will be summarized with full detail and also these notes will be available on demand for further investigation.8.0 Research limitationsThis research was proposed to be conducted in a very short span of 8 weeks, which forced the researchers to curtail the research from expanding in to a wider spectrum. According to the proposed planned of seven interviews it is possible that there should be some hurdle to get all information from customers of Islamic banking. In the course of research if the researcher will feel to get more widely information about the growth of Islamic banking then mini open ended questionnaires will be conducted. As the research was a part of student project there where huge limitations on financial resources. Lack of financial backup congests the team, which in turn curbed the research tea m from dilating the research.ConclusionThe purpose of research is to find out opportunities of growth and development as well the main challenges to Islamic banking in the United Kingdom. The primary data which was collected through in-depth interviews is to match with the different opinions of the community members about the scope and future of Islamic banking in the UK. The outcomes and results of these in-depth interviews are matched with aims and objectives of the research.

Definition Of Purchasing And Procurement

Definition Of Purchasing And ProcurementPurchasing is defined as to buy materials of the business tone, in the right quantity form the right source delivered to the right place at the right time at the right toll. Procurement is the emergence of obtaining good or service in any way, including borrowing, leasing and even force or pillage (Lysons et al, 2006).According to John, Chandra, Tim (2008) defined that, procurement includes sourcing and purchasing and coves either of the activities involved in the harvest-home/ service sourcing, purchasing and delivery from provider to the guest. It is a very important activity in manufacturing tot up touch on up as purchased parts and materials account for everyplace 60% of the cost of finished goods (John, Chandra, Tim 2008). For retail companies in spite of appearance the supply chain this percentage can be as high as 90% (John, Chandra, Tim 2008).Gerald, surface-to-air missile (2007) state that purchase there lives a genera l tendency of pushing added value towards out(a)sourcing. Although in the majority of companies this tendency causes the sh are of material costs and international services to increase, purchasing departments are still largely operations as traditional mid-size tramp department and not as modern procurement centering units (Gerald, Sam, 2007). Therefore the say-so of optimizing the purchasing constitution and hence improving the profit margins is often neglected (Gerald, Sam, 2007). Now many another(prenominal) companies are precisely in procurement via in the internet that there is still quite deal of potential (Gerald, Sam, 2007).Therefore, as a purchasing or procurement manager should understand than in recount to be able to judge the efficiency of industry flow of materials, it is necessary to describe whether the manufacture made-to -order or make-to-stock (Gerald, Sam, 2007). Afterwards manager should plan on industry material requirements. In order to have minimum st ocks on hand at maximum disposition, a material requirements planning has to be carried out (Gerald, Sam, 2007).Reason for choice of topicAcademic Objectives of the ProjectThis aim of this research is going to discuss, the reason of choosing this title is to determine the career match in faculty on logistics and supply chain management. For this spirit, this study of purchasing can be on pin downed from several perspectives, such as the process, functions, family and link in the supply chain process.2.0 (c) Purchasing and Sourcing Knowledge attention2.1 Organizing for Supply ResearchPurchasing market research has been increasing in recent years many large companies, want IBM, Honda of America, Lucent Technologies and Philips Electronics have introduced corporate commodity teams which are responsible for the worldwide sourcing of strategical parts and materials (Arjan 2005). Supply research is the systematic collection, classification, and analysis of selective information as the basis for better supplier decisions, so that exit influence the procurement of goods and services for the purpose of merging present and next phoner requirements in such a way that they contri yete to an optimal return .Figure 1 shows that of the data (information) that might be required for effective buying decisions.Ingredients of Effective BuyingThe studies conducted in supply research include projects under the major research headings of (1) purchased materials, harvest-times, or services (value analysis), (2) commodities, (3) suppliers, and (4) supply processes. Supply research, if approached in an organized manner, as well as has the potential for generating major improvements in supply decision making. A firm could conduct supply research in one of three ways (1) full-time research positions, (2) inclusion of research as a part-time responsibility of supply personnel, or (3) cross-functional teams to bring an expanded knowledge base to the research process (Leend ers et al, 2006).According to Purchasings Purchasing pickup (www.purchasing.com) recent Internet-usage survey researching potential suppliers is the number-one reason buyer log on to the Internet. Chris Golec, vice president of marketing at Supply Base, noticed a sympathetic trend. Manufacturing was looking for reliable third-party information to differentiate supplier based on surgical operation, encounter and opposite business factors, says Golec. According to Arjan (2009) state that, once the buyers has identified a prospective supplier, detailed DB reports, including the supplier paygrade report (SER) and the supplier doing review (SPR). Therefore SER measures the pecuniary stability of a supplier and quantifies the find of doing business with them (Arjan, 2009). The SPR determine how well a supplier performs in key areas, like quality, tech support and delivery, relative to the industry average (Arjan, 2009).3.0 (d) World on the whole-embracing Sourcing3.1 World Wide Sourcing DefinedAccording to Martin (2007) note that, world-wide purchasing of supplier is response to the globalization process that has had tremendous impact on international business. In order to understand the concept of low-cost country sourcing, the aim of this section is to examine culture in purchasing and supply chain management in an international business environment (Martin, 2007).Leontiades (1985) notes that, one of the most important phenomena of the 20th century has been the international expansion of industry. Today, virtually all major firms have a significant and growing presence in business outside their country of origin. According to Leenders et al (2006), in attempting to seize opportunities in the global marketplace, companies are deploying their musical arrangements on global scale. The reasons for sourcing abroad are many and vary with the specific requirement (Leenders et al, 2006). However, the underlying, summary reason for using an international suppl ier that better value is perceive to be available from that source than from a domestic supplier (Leenders et al, 2006).The first stage, domestic purchasing only, as the name implies, the company on purchases from domestic supplier (Robert J. Trent Robert M. Monczka, 2002). Although the company might have international operation, such as, marketing or sales, the purchasing activities do not encompass country borders (Martin, 2007). The reasons to minute domestic sourcing to pure domestic sourcing are many, but could include lack of scale economics, lack of need resources or lack of competencies need to internationalize purchasing activities (Martin, 2007). Reasons for internationalizing purchasing is a primarily to lowest cost, but could also be due to a lack of domestic suppliers (Trent Monczka, 2003). Marci- economic such as tax rates, increased price levels in the home country market and exchange rates all are play a role.The second stage, international purchasing as infalli ble, is normally reactive rather a proactive initiative in order to cope with market forces (Robert J. Trent Robert M. Monczka, 2002). Therefore this mean that international purchasing is only do sporadically, without any broad-team objective. Thus, international purchasing as such is not yet institutionalized (Martin 2007).The third step, international purchasing as part of sourcing outline, the company is offset to realize the advantages of international purchasing, and is thus recognizing the need for to a greater extent long-team strategies (Robert J. Trent Robert M. Monczka, 2002).In the four steps, integration and coordination of global sourcing strategies , implies that the company is starting to integrate and coordinate global procurement needs the company worldwide (Robert J. Trent Robert M. Monczka, 2002). In order hand to realize this, the company needs to have implemented enterprise-wide IT systems such as ERPs, and have hired qualified staff with a global mindse t, and an organization that enables central coordination (Trent Monczka, 2003).3.2 Benefits of International SourcingThe gets of international sourcing are clearly shown on card 2.0.Benefits of International Sourcing4.0 provider focussing and DevelopmentAccording to Kenneth and Brian (2006) note that, supplier schooling has been to defined as, any activities that a buyer undertakes to improve a suppliers exertion or /and capabilities to meet the buyers niggling or long-team supply needs. This applies not within organizations but between organization as in the purchaser-supplier business relationship and the especially in the area of supplier development (Krause and Ellram, 1997). Effective communication is a critical aspect of successful purchaser-suppler relationship (Carter and Miller, 1989) however Krause and Ellram (1997) also suggest that the performance of supplier can be significantly raised by the buying firm communicating their expectations to supplier in an effectiv e manner. However, achieving transparency can be challenging, especially in a harvesting development context a customer-supplier relationship (Bob, Myfanwy, Roger, 1998).The supplier relationship management from a supply perspective is to bring both sides into an effective operative relationship (Leenders et al, 2006) . This will require substantial coordination work inside the purchasers organization to ensure that the mass most vitally concerned with a particular suppliers performance are fully involved in the planning and execution of a chopine leading to the desired long-term relationship (Leenders et al, 2006). Next, supplier development also been defined as any business activity that a buyer undertakes to improve a suppliers performance and/or capabilities to meet the buyers short or long term supply needs (Lysons et al, 2006).There are nine steps in a supplier development programme (refer to extension 2). The actual process may differ according to the organization and w hether the development is primarily results or process orientated (Lysons et al, 2006).The development function has a Supplier Development Department who are responsible for ensuring that each suppliers co-development performance is assessed accurately, reliably and consistently (Bob, Myfanwy, Roger, 1998). The department uses a performance measurement system as means of ensuring that the relevant data is collected, analysed and put down and later presented to the supplier (Bob, Myfanwy, Roger, 1998). This is a highly structured attempt to provide clear information to suppliers, and unusual in being applied in development (Bob, Myfanwy, Roger, 1998).5.0 (b) Supplier Evaluation and Selection5.1 Evaluating Supplier doing and the Supplier Selection DecisionPerhaps the most powerful risk prevention approach is the development of a rigorous supplier evaluation and selection decision (Robert et al, 2009). Select a set of world class supplier and watch how much the easier keep become (R obert et al, 2009). Select a set of poor performers and be prepared to dust off the risk contingency plans (Robert et al, 2009).Nest, the key performance indicators (KPIs) is use to evaluation of supplier performance have been quality, delivery and price. While these are still basic to supplier evaluation, such as e-procurement, JIT (Just-in-Time) and lean manufacturing, integrated supply fetter have made the evaluation of supplier relationships and important consideration. The number of KPIs that may be used is almost limitless. The ten supplier evaluation factors are shown in Appendix 3 (Lysons et al, 2006). This decision to place a certain volume of business with a supplier should always on a reasonable set of criteria (Leenders et al, 2006). Besides that, Some of the more(prenominal) important supplier attributes related to those prime criteria mentioned above may include past history, organization and management, technical strength and, financial status, communications, reput ation, labour relations, systems, procedural compliance, and location (Leenders et al, 2006).. Obviously, the nature and amount of the purchase will influence the weighting attached to each objective and hence the evidence needed to support the decision (Leenders et al, 2006).5.2 Buyer-Supplier RelationshipNarasimhan and Das (2001) explored that the relationship between purchasing integration and supplier management practices (buyer-supplier relationship development, supply base leveraging, and supplier performance evaluation). Form the comparison of alternative statistical models, they concluded that purchasing integration has a moderator effect on the impact of supplier management practices on manufacturing performance (Michael, 2008). This study suggested that only a combination of externally and internally centeringed on purchasing initiatives may be able to elevate purchasing into a strategic function. ( Narasimhan and Das 2001, P.607). Purchasing integration, summarizing prac tices such as purchasing strategy alignment with corporate strategy, involvement in the in the altogether product design and process improvement, and focus on corporate value creation, seems to be a prerequisite to capture the value from strategic supplier management and cooperative supplier relationship (Michael, 2008).According to Ian (2005), the relationship between buyer and the supplier changes with the type of contract or commercial arrangement. Assuming the supplier able to deliver the same activities as the buyer but at a lowest cost, the difference in costs translates to a profit margin for the supplier (Ian, 2005). In the outsourcing model the discussed in previous sections, the suppler is no longer required to follow the processes previously owned by the buyer (Ian, 2005). Therefore, the suppler is now free to make modifications to the original process, motivated by profitability. In the governance of the outsourcing, both the supplier and buyer work in an agency environ ment (Ian, 2005). So the potential contract relationship model addresses the organisational needs of control and flexible (Ian, 2005). Here, the commercial arrangements including joint ventures, multiple supplier, individual and joint-venture spin-offs, consortia and shared service structures re-emphasize the importance of the quality of supplier-buyer relationship (Ian, 2005).6.0 (a) Supplier gauge Management6.1 Quality System and Quality DimensionsRobert et al (2008) note that, supplier quality represents the ability to meet or exceed current and future customer (i.e. buyer and eventually end to customer) expectations or requirements within critical performance areas on a consistent basis. There are three parts to this expositionAbility to meet or exceed is means that suppliers execute or exceed buyer expectations or requirement each and every time (Robert et al 2008). Inconsistent supplier performance, whether in physical product quality or on-time delivery, is not a characte ristic of the quality supplier (Robert et al 2008).Current and future customer expectations or a requirement is meaning that, suppliers must meet or exceed todays demanding requirements while also possessing the ability to anticipate and satisfy future customer requirements (Robert et al 2008). A supplier than can satisfy todays requirement but cannot keep pace with future requirement is not a quality supplier (Robert et al 2008).Within critical performance areas on a consistent basis. Supplier quality does not apply to the physical of a product (Robert et al 2008). Quality suppler satisfy a buyers expectation or requirement in many areas, including product or service conformance, current technology and features, product or service delivery, and total cost management (Robert et al 2008).The multiplicity of customer-designed supplier quality improvement models can confuse many suppliers (Gopal, 1995). A strategic of quality improvement model has to be consistence with the product and process technology (Gopal, 1995). However, as a supplier, who is most knowledgeable about the technology, is in a better position to design the quality improvement model (Gopal, 1995). Therefore most of the customer, have a supplier quality improvement model of their own. The suppliers of import resource may end up being spent in continuously rearguing and rewriting their procedures to satisfy may never find time to focus on creating a strategic quality improvement model consistent with product or process technology (Gopal, 1995).A quality system typically applies to, and interacts with, all activities pertinent to the quality of a service or product (Lysons et al, 2006). Figure 4 is showing involves all phases, from the initial identification to final ecstasy of requirements and customer expectations. The advantages of a properly documented quality management system such as that required by BS EN 90012000, are that itEnsures all aspects of quality are controlled.Provides objecti ve evidence for determining and correcting the causes of poor quality.Increases customer confidence.Indicates best practice.Ensures consistent, efficient work practices.Gives competitive advantage (Lysons et al, 2006).Quality LoopSupplier quality is a complex term, according to Professor David Garvin of the Harvard Business School, defined that least eight dimensionsPerformance. The primary function of the product or service.Features. The bells and whistles.Reliability. The probability of loser within a specified time period.Durability. The life expectancy.Conformance. The meeting of specifications.Serviceability. The maintainability and ease of fixing.Aesthetics. The look, smell, feel, and sound.Perceived quality. The image in the eyes of the customer (Lysons et al, 2006).6.2 The Benefits of TQMTQM is a practical but strategic approach to running an organization that focuses the need of its client or customers (Edward, 2002). TQM is not a set of slogans, but a deliberate and syste matic approach to achieving in appropriate levels of quality in a consistent fashion that meet or exceed the needs and wants of its customer (Edward, 2002). The success of TQM strategic is depends on a genuine commitment to quality to each organisational. The benefits claimed for TQM include amend customer or client satisfaction.Enhance productivity.Reduced product led time.Improved customer service and delivery times.Reduced work-in-progress.Reduced waste and inventory with consequential smotherd costs.Improved quality of goods and services.Increased flexibility in meeting market demands.Better utilisation of human resources (Lysons et al, 2006).(g) Contract ManagementThe contract management and financial control flow largely in chronological order within general facilities management process (Brian, Adrian, ). If earlier procedures have been followed carefully, the management of contract should in the sense on their administration- relatively straightforward (Brian, Adrian, ). Sufficient precedents exist for contract administration, largely in context if the monitoring, control and, where necessary, corrective action (Brian, Adrian, ). Contract management has aspects of facilities management that can represent a significant identification number for client organization, not least because they are on going to commitments (Brian, Adrian, ).7.0 (f) Negotiation7.1 Negotiation Strategy and PracticeAccording to Robert et al (2008) note that, not all purchase requirement will require buyers and seller to conduct a thorough and detailed negotiation. For many items, the competitive bidding process will satisfy on a buyers purchase requirements, as may be this case for items that are low value, are widely available commodities, or have exist standards (Robert et al, 2008). In other hand, according to Richard (2005) also state that, Negotiations are an important part of the purchasing process, because their effective use can help safeguard in the interests of a sp orts medicine program. Physical trainer should negotiate in the following three categories of purchases.Capital equipment. This is the expensive, durable equipment that often makes up the bulk of the rehabilitation and healing(predicate) modality inventory for a sports medicine program (Richard, 2005).Medium- priced annual re-buys. These are usually purchases of services that require annual renegotiation (Richard, 2005). For instance salaries, physician consulting fees, ambulance services, and athletic insurance.Lower-cost expendable supplier. These items constituted the bulk of the sport medicine supply budget (Richard, 2005). Although some of the suppliers will have to be reordered throughout the year, careful planning will abide the athletic trainer to place only one major supply orders for entire year (Richard, 2005). This method will strengthen the athletic trainers negotiating position because of the rebate normally of associated with quality purchasing (Richard, 2005).Alth ough negotiation on the price of a supply, item of equipment, or service is general, athletic should also consider on other areas in which they can realize cost saving through negotiation (Richard, 2005). Furthermore, the athletic trainer also negotiate the way in which the goods will be supplied, their quality, shipping costs, and support after the purchase (Richard, 2005).The following five elements can be negotiated for purchases in each areas are stated clearly in Table 3. The discussion of some of the elements and considerations that affect the price of an item makes it obvious that negotiation can be a valuable technique to use in reach an agreement with a supplier on the many variables affecting a specific price (Leenders et al, 2006).Negotiation Strategy PracticeNegotiation strategy refers to overall approach used to reach the mutually beneficial agreement with a supplier that holds different points of view from the buyer (Robert et al, 2008). A major part of the strategic planning process involves the application of simulated military operation- the skill or act of employing available means to accomplish to end, objective, or strategy (Robert,). They are included the current set of actions plans and activities adopted to achieve the negotiation objective and strategy (Robert et al, 2008).Strategic negotiation issues involve the broader question regarding who, what, where and how to negotiate (Robert et al, 2008). The situation is to have a well-developed negotiation strategy with appropriate and ethical tactics that support that strategy (Robert et al, 2008). As an analogy, consider a military battle, the best-development strategy will fail unless a commander has the tactics and the resources to implement that strategy in the field (Robert et al, 2008).Negotiation is a complex, fascinating subject which, since it involves people, contains many variables (Peter et al, 2005). This list and the related discussion are meant only to point the area and other writes have noted as pertaining to successful negotiation. Those who negotiations are successfullyPlan wellCan deal with pressureUnderstand people wellObserve wellCan handle confrontationHave sound business judgementAre skill at dealing with risk and asking questionsCan handle time effectively (Peter et al, 2005)9.0 (h) Supply Chain culture Systems for Procurement9.1 Definition of Information SystemsInformation supply chain within an enterprise are often more complex, difficult and less systematic than those between with enterprises (Joseph L et al, 2006). Besides that, information system is comprised of interconnected components that process, store, and collect data and distribute information to support, control, decision making and coordination within the organization environment (Leenders et al, 2006). However the information system technology allows the organization to connect with partners or supplier in their supply chain network.According to Joseph L et al, (2006) stat e that, the intranet is a relatively secure method to move business processes online by providing a common interface and communication environment. Data can be input without concern for where the information resides, thus enabling more complete and timely reporting because organization data is to provide (Joseph L et al, 2006). However manual internal processes, such as sourcing, requisitioning, purchasing, receiving, releasing, and contract management, can be performed online to reduce manual and paper-intensive processes (Joseph L et al, 2006). Information systems can be classified to four types, each can consider to serve the requirements and needs of the organization at different levels of management and across functions (refer to Appendix 6) (Leenders et al, 2006).9.2 The Benefit of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)Electronic data interchange (EDI) technology was gives organizations an opportunity to exchange their information and message electronically, instead of with paper d ocuments, and leads to new way of doing business known as electronic (EC) (Syed et al,2000). According to James (1998) EDI is the electronic transfer of document from one computer system exchange to another. The purpose of EDI is to provide accurate external information (James, 1998). EDI takes externally produced and transmitted information and allows the information to be electronically received into the host system (James, 1998). Then, the host system is able to electronically send the information or data to another external computer system (James, 1998). Because of the transaction is free from human intervention, so EDI provides a high level of accuracy for the information being received and transmitted (James, 1998).Besides that, the benefit of EDI is that it can reduces information lead-times, and thus allows the logistics network to be more responsive to customer needs and changing market conditions (James, 1998). It system also reduces the transportation and order processing lead-times (James, 1998). However Syed et al (2000) also defined that, the benefit of EDI include less delay in data handing and labour saving in the areas of data transcription, controls and error investigation and correction. As a result performance of EDI improves the followingThe internal operation of the firm by reducing the process-cycle time,Trading supplier or partner relationship,Responsiveness to customer, andThe ability to compete, both domestically and internationally (syed, 2000).According to Paul et al (2000) note that, realizing enormous competitive advantages of EDI, an increasing number of firm have attempted to formulate a viable execution of strategy. However, a successful EDI implementation strategy should address the following key issues.Trading partner agreement due to the nature of EDI that inherently promotes inter organizational communication and information transfer, the EDI initiating firm (or a Hub company) may not gain the full benefit of EDI without the support of its to trading partners (Paul et al, 2000)Management support regardless of the potential EDI benefits, unconvinced management would lack of commitment to EDI investment and would be less inclined to provide adequate financial and personnel resources required for company-wide EDI implementation. It was be more difficult to manage system to EDI programs without senior management commitment (Paul et al, 2000).Performance measurement to justify EDI investment, a firm should conduct an objective cost-benefit analysis of the proposed EDI program covering its in life cycle. EDI can bring numerous operating of benefit along with some nonphysical benefit along with some intangible benefit such as higher employee morale, increase competitive advantages, improved customer loyalty, and enhanced trading partnerships (Paul et al, 2000).How the EDI is implemented showing on Figure 5. The while is as followsFirm A creates a purchase order using EDI internal business software.EDI so ftware translates the order to supplier.Firm A sends the 850 purchase order to suppler B over a third-party value added network (VAN) or encrypted in EDIFACT format over the Internet.Supplier B receives the 850 purchase order document and will translate it from EDI to its proprietary format and, typically, company B will send an acknowledgement to firm A (Lysons et al, 2006).EDI ImplementationFigure 5 EDI Implementation (Lysons et al, 2006)By implementing EDI, firm can reduce the lead time in receiving parts from their suppliers because buyers and suppliers work together in real-time environment. Therefore, a firm can reduce the lead time in delivering product or goods to customers delays of delivery can be reduced.10.0 (i) Performance Measurement and EvaluationAs part of a company-focused purchasing and supply chain measurement approach, firms should follow a systematic process to maximize results and achieve vertical and horizontal alignment of the purpose (Robert et al, 2008). As company objectives drive specific strategies such as being the low-cost producer and technology leader (Robert et al, 2008). These company strategies should then drive appropriate and prioritized purchasing and supply chain objectives and strategies (Robert et al, 2008).Apart from that, perhaps the best way to summarize the vast number of separate is by developing performance measurement each category, many separate measures relate to each general category (Robert et al, 2008). Most purchasing and supply chain measures fall into one of the following categoriesRevenueQuality cost performanceCost-effectivenessTime/ delivery/ responsivenessTechnology or innovationSupplier performanceStrategic performance (Robert et al, 2008).However, on compiling the finding into a report with summarised recommendations and supporting reason, the audit should be presented to purchasing senior management (Kenneth et al,2008). When preparing such report, auditor should highlight policies, procedures and personnel where efficiency and effectiveness can be improved, commend good practice and performance, and think beyond simple quantitative measure of performance and consider the full sequences, side-effects and reactions likely to occur with these recommendations are presented (Kenneth et al, 2006)10.1 Approaches to Performance MeasurementApproaches to performance measurement may be grouped under five main headingsAccounting approaches, namelyProfit centresActivity-based beStandard costing and budgetary controlEconomic value added (EVA)The purchasing management audit approachComparative approachesBenchmarking and ratioIntegrated benchmarking, such as EFQM and balanced scorecardsManagement by objectives (MBO)Miscellaneous approaches, such as SERVQUAL and six sigma (Lysons et al, 2006).10.3 Benefits of BenchmarkingThe benchmarking is the continuous measuring of product, services processes, activities, and practices against a firms best competitors or those companies recognized as fu nctional or industry leaders (Robert et al, 2008). Formally the benc

Maggots have a standard development

Maggots have a standard development1. Introduction1.1 Anatomy of MaggotsMaggots breathe from the anterior end of their body to witness oxygen as they burrow through tissue. They bury with the help of cardinal sharp digging hooks. Maggots have a standard development i.e. egg-larva-pupae. The developmental compass point washbowl be determined by the distance of the maggots. Maggots grow at an increased rate with higher temperature.(Giangiuliani et al. 1994)Maggots atomic add 18 short in proportion to its thickness and its minuscul atomic number 18r at the two ends than in the middle. There is line of dots on the body of maggots these are the m out(p)hs of air adviseals which serve as a lung. They have smooth out skin and are commonly of light cream colour.(Schoofs et al. 2009)Some of them have tails for the motion in the water. The movement of maggots with feet is a mixture of locomote and walking. The crawling motion is an alternate elongation and contraction of one hal f(a) of the length of the body. First, the front half lengthen and stretch forward while the following half is contracted and unrighteousness versa. The walking is performed by a successive motion of each pair of feet that support these alternate contractions and elongations of a body making take aim and tail alternately fixed.(Schoofs et al. 2009)1.2. Life Cycle1.2.1. home vaporize (Musca demostica) life history beatFemale flies can place around 500 washrag eggs in numerous of groups of around 75 to 150. The lengths of these eggs are approximately 1.2 mm. It takes about 24 hours for the eggs to be hatched by larvae know as squats (Singh and Vardanis 1984). The main source of sustenance for consumption of maggots is generally slain organic material give care decomposing garbage or faeces. These legless creatures are unhinged in colour and grow 3-9 mm in length. Larvae stage wears no less than a week before they crawl to a dry tranquil place due to their transformation i nto reddish brown pupae which reach up to 8 mm in length. The mature flies then come out of the pupae. This whole biological process of physical development after the larvaes birth is called complete metamorphoses. The life of expectant flies is between 2-4 weeks or even continuing under controlled laboratory conditions. The issues of flies come to an end after coming out of the pupae. The small size of some flies does not indicate their maturement stage, be draw at this point flies do not grow up any more, but of course it is the result of inadequate consumption and escape of food during the larval phase. (Bennet S.M. 2008)Some female flies become ready to mate after 36 hours of emerging from the pupae. She is then mounted and inject with sperm by a male from behind. The duration of mating lasts from few seconds to few minutes and the female stores the sperm to frequently produce eggs. The males job is to protect a legitimate territory to make sure no other flies or insects tress pass the theatre and as well to try and mount the female trespassers. (Bennet S.M. 2008) serious like other insects flies too depend on the warm temperature. The warmer the environment, the more active and faster they are in their development and vice versa. (Bennet 2008)1.2.2. Blue bottle flies (Calliphora vomitoria) life cycleBluebottle flies are a little longer than normal house flies, around 10-14 mm in length. They are blue colour as the name suggests, with dull gray head and thorax, red eyes, dark legs and antenna, clear wings and a body cover with bristle.(Wooldridge et al. 2007)The eggs of blue bottle fly is placed by a female usually as the same place as her consumption battlefield which could be either rotting meat, garbage, and, or faeces. Just like the house fly larvae (maggot), the larvae of blue bottle fly cognise as Calliphora larvae is also pale-whitish. As before long as these maggots emerge from their eggs, they begin to consume on the surrounding dead or decaying organic material. After few days of consuming, the larvae are fully grown and ready to wrap themselves into thick brown cocoons in a dry cool area where they can stay in for two weeks before emerging from it as an adult fly. Similar to housefly and other insects, the adult blue bottle flies and pupae hibernate during winter, and waken up by warmer temperature when they can be active again in mating, specifying eggs. These flies get involved in the activities such as pollinating of some flowers. (Kurashi 2008)1.2.3. leafy vegetable bottle (L. Sericata) life cycleThe female fly lays a bunch of eggs in an injured area, a corpse (dead body), or in necrotic (dead tissue) or decomposing tissue. The larvae of green bottle known as pinkie hatch from their eggs 8-10 hours after being placed in a warm sabotage area however this process could be delayed to three days in a cooler weather condition. The female fly can lay 130 to 172 eggs. The larvae are again pale-whitish. They are 10-14 mm in length. The larva consumes on the dead or decomposing tissue approximately for 3-10 days. This would change as the temperature increases or decreases. During this length of time, the larva goes through 3 larval stages. In the cool temperature of 16oC the first level of larva phase lasts about 53 hours, the second phase, 42 hours, and finally the third and the last phase will take 98 hours to fulfil this part of their life cycle. If the temperature increased to 27oC, the 1st stage would take 31 hours whilst the second stage lasts 12 hours and the 3rd stage will last 40 hours to achieve this particular life cycle. In the 3rd larva stage, the larva will move onto soil to pupate for 6 to 14 days. This will again change if the temperature is lower, and if it is in winter time, they can stay in the soil until the temperature of the soil increases again. Following the transformation of the pupa, the adult fly comes out from the soil and feeds on dead and decomposing tissue. It will take the mature flies two weeks until they begin to lay eggs. The whole duration of the life cycle of the blue bottle fly is between two to three weeks however this could be reduced during summer time when the temperature is higher which will consequently ex tip to the more action of the fly is at its most. There are normally 3 to 4 generations of L. sericata during each year. (Merih 2008)1.3 Human Infection and Medical Importance travel are commonly developed in unsanitary areas and manures in farms. The most common type of fly found around these areas is the house flies, also known as Musca domestica, scientifically. The major concerns with these flies are that it does not produce damage directly. They transmit pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes). (Fotedar et al. 1992) The morbific organisms are transferred by flies from sewages, travel-stained areas and wastes onto their mouthparts, via their feces and vomitus and then to kind or food.One of the specific problems is the movement of flies from the animal feces to the food soon to be consumed by the human. Moreover, flies can subscribe the pathogens consumed from unclean or microbe infested area in its mouthparts or alimentary canal for several days, which are transmitted through regurgitation or defecation (Fotedar et al. 1992). Critical health problems can arise if there are food stalls, hospitals or meat market nearby in areas where proper plumbing is necessary such as open latrines or an open drainage.1.3. 1. A few common diseases ca utilize by fliesTwo methods of infectious transmission by flies are mechanical and biological transmission.1.4. MaggotsMaggots are usually found in decaying bodies. They give an indication of time elapsed since the conclusion and the place of the death, by identifying the stage of their lifecycle and species. Their DNA is utilize to identify their species. The size of house fly larvae is 10 20 mm. Histeridae (another insect family) feed on larvae. Thus, the lack of maggots would increase the estimated time of death. A few other species of larvae are bred specifically for angling or as the food for pets such as reptiles or birds.They are used in the production of some cheeses (casu marzu).Necrotic wounds can also be cleaned out with the help of maggots.Maggot debridement therapy is the use of disinfected and live fly larvae to promote the ameliorate of wound by necrotic tissue cleaning. The maggot is introduced to the non ameliorate tissue debridement of an animal or a human. (Jones and Wall 2008)Dressing containing maggots are used to seal the non healing wound of the patient. The dressing is air permeable for the maggots to live. They are unable to reproduce in the dressing when they are satiated as they are immature. The length of the therapy depends on the severity of the debridement.1.4.1. The mechanism of actionThe maggots are used in the medical field for the three main reasonsDebridementThe wound cont aining the necrotic tissues is the ideal breeding area for bacteria leading to septicaemia, amputation and gangrene. The healing of the wound is stopped if the necrotic tissues have not been cleaned out. The surgeons can only debride the tissues they can see. This a lot results in the removal of strong tissues along with the dead tissues causing pain in patient. If a tissue containing dead cells is not removed, bacteria may cause infection to the nearby well behaved for you(p) tissues, spreading it further. Therefore the maggots are used in specific areas where the surgeon is unable to remove the necrotic tissues. The healthy tissues are not damaged by the maggots. They consume with precise boundary. Maggots obtain nutrients by extracorporeal digestion. Proteolytic enzymes are used to liquefy dead tissue, which are later absor butt. (Jones and Wall 2008)DisinfectionThe wounds are harder to treat if they contain antibiotic resistant microbial strain. Although maggots are used to clean out the necrotic wounds, it contained secretion which could disinfect a bacterial infection. The infections can be life threatening. The secretion contained allantoin, phenylacetic acid, urea and calcium carbonate and proteolytic enzymes. The microbes that are resistant to these secretions are lysed and ingested within the maggots. A few of the pathogenic bacteria that are finished and inhibited by the maggots are MRSA, Gram-positive strains and group A and B streptococci. (van der Plas et al. 2007)Wound healingEpidermal growth factor and IL-6 are amplified by the maggot secretion. The growth of the fibroblasts and chondrocytes are also stimulated by the secretions. Moreover, wound exodus and formation of granulation tissue are also stimulated. (Li et al. 2009)1.4.2. LimitationsOnly moist wounds are worthy to maggot therapy. Adequate oxygen supply is also necessary. Although dry wounds can be moistened with saline soaks, it does not provide a good feeding environment for the maggots. Maggots often have a short life span which restricts its long-term use. Patients may also find them distasteful or disgusting. Therefore polymer bags are used to kill them from others site. (Li et al. 2009)The three types of flies that are studied in our project are1.5. House flyThe most common type of flies found in most homes is the houseflies also known as Musca domestica. These flies are considered a pest as it carries the common diseases.Houseflies feed onsputum, feces, and humid decaying organic materials.They can only take in foods in liquid form. Therefore, they use their saliva to predigest the solid food which is later sucked in. House flies also swan certain digested food and take it again to its abdomen.Mechanical transmission of organisms on fliesParasitic diseases Cysts ofprotozoae.g.Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambliaand eggs of helminths e.g.Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuros trichura,Haemenolypes nana,Enterobius vermicularis. (Frster et al. 2009)VirusesEn terovirusesPoliomyelitis,infective hepatitis(A E). etcBacterial diseases Typhoid, cholera, dys reckony, pyogenic cocci, etc. House flies have been confirmed to be carriers ofCampylobacter andE. coliO157H7 using Polymerase Chain Reaction. (Ahmad et al. 2007)Polymerase chain reaction can also be used to identify the pathogenic bacteria contained in the house fly. (Ahmad et al. 2007)1.6. Greenbottle flyThe greenbottle fly comes from the species of itchfly, in the generaLuciliaandPhaenicia. The common species ofgreenbottle areLucilia cuprina,Lucilia caesar,Lucilia coeruleiviridis, andLucilia illustris.The maggots of the greenbottle fly feed only on dead tissues and not the living cells. Therefore the larvae of greenbottle fly are used in maggot therapy. (Graczyk et al. 2001)1.7. Bluebottle flyThe bluebottle fly is another type of blow fly known as Calliphora vomitoria. They are half an inch larger than the house flies. The rotting materials attract the adult bluebottle flies. These fli es tackle an important role in ecological system as they feed on dead or dying materials. It is usually the female flies that enter indoors. (Stevens 2003)1.8. The microbiology of maggots used in angling1.8.1. PinkiesAs its name suggest this maggot is pink in colour. Pinkies are the larvae of the green bottle fly, close to its relative the blue bottle and are about two thirds the size. They are usually about 15 mm long and have the same feed sack as maggots. desire maggots pinkies come in different colours amongst which the red maggot and the natural white are the most common but with one major exception, the fluorescent pinkie, a pink/red colour and usually devastating particularly in the winter. Fluorescent pinkies are very good in cold weather. Pinkies are good as hookbait for small fish at all times. However,being smaller than large whites they are less likely to overfeed the fish. Also being lively, pinkies tend to burrow out of sight into the bottom when fed into the swim. P inkies are small, light maggots best suited to canals, still waters and slow-moving rivers as they tend to smooth slowly in the water and fast flowing water will wash them a flair. (Adams and Hall 2003)Storage This is totally dependent on the age of the maggot. Maggots can be stored for 10-15 days provided they are kept cool, as cool environment slows dash off the natural ageing and development of the maggot in to its chrysalis state. Pinkies are sold in either saw dust or maize to keep them clean and in the best state possible. To keep maggots for any length of time it is wise to change the sawdust or maize regularly. Pinkies kept for ages in the fridge can be going strong after 2 or even 3 weeks. (Adams and Hall 2003) lot The pinkie should be hooked in the same way that you would hook the white maggot, through the bearded end. As the Pinkie is small in size it stands to reason that the hooks need to be smaller too. Again when hooking the pinkie the maggot should reside livel y and no fluid should be released. (Adams and Hall 2003)1.8.2. SquattsThe squat or feeder as it is commonly known is the smallest of the maggot family and are the larvae of the housefly. The mature larva is usually 3 to 9 mm in length, chromatic whitish in colour, cylindrical but has a tapering head. The head consists a pair of dark hooks. These legless maggots emerge from the eggs during summers within 8 to 20 hours, and they immediately feed on the wastes the eggs were laid on. The fully grown maggots are 12mm long n are greasy on surface. The fully grown maggots move up to the cold dry place for their transformation into pupal phase. (Hou et al. 2007)They are usually used as loose feed and like the Pinkie are more suitable to still or slow moving water as they sink very slowly. The squat is rarely used as hook bait but can be if needed. The squat is a slow moving sluggish maggot that displays little activity when it is on the bed of the water. For this reason they are an excelle nt fish holding bait and are a good choice when used with ground bait. (Hou et al. 2007)Storage Squats are usually sold in damp sand which helps to stop the maggot from drying out. Unfortunately the squat will not keep for more than a few days so it1s a good idea not to buy too many at any one time. (Hou et al. 2007)Hooking These are not usually used as hook baits but it stands to reason that due their size they will need a small hook to hook them effectively. The squat when hooked should be hooked in the same way that you would hook the white maggot, through the bearded end.1.8.3. Calliphora larvaeThe white maggot is the larvae of the common Blue Bottle and is the largest of the maggot family. As soon as, the larvae emerge from their eggs, they begin to consume on the surrounding dead or decomposing organic material. Once they are fully grown within a flow rate of a week, they leave the carrion. (Stevens 2003)Most insect larvae have organs called stemmata which contain the photo receptors, however, these appear to be absent in maggots. There are a number of structures at the front end of a maggot that have at one time or another been suggested to be the site of photoreception. These include chemoreceptors and even the imaginal discs that are destined to become the compound eyes of the adult fly. (Stevens 2003)Good quality maggots will be lively and soft to the denote. They will have a black spot under the skin which is an indication of having recently fed (the larger the spot the younger the maggot). Maggots that are slow moving or firm to the touch are older and will therefore turn in to casters much sooner. (Stevens 2003)Storage This is totally dependent on the age of the maggot. Keeping the maggot cool slows down the natural ageing and development of the maggot in to its chrysalis state and can therefore be kept for 10-15 days. When kept in warm conditions they last not more than 2 days. Maggots that have been left in warm conditions become sweaty and will eventually die. Sweaty maggots stink due to which they will not be attractive to fishes. (Stevens 2003)Hooking As a general rule of thumb, small hooks should be used when hooking maggots. When the point of the hook is pressed across the beard of the maggot, the maggot should remain lively avoiding the release of fluids.1.8. Campylobacter SpeciesThe genus Campylobacter is a gram negative microearophilic curve shaped rods that can cause certain diseases such as Campylobacteriosis in both human and particular animals via infection and contamination from the genus itself. Most common species in human pathogens are Campylobacter jejuni and C. Coli and the least common ones are C. Lari, C. Hyointestinals, and C. Fetus. A very high summation of Campylobacter bacteria is detectable in the faeces of individual suffering from acute campylobacteriosis due to developing gastroenteritis. At this stage the Campylobacter could easily be detected and separated from the faeces sample using s elective agar plates, however at the later stage is more difficult to detect the bacteria in that way as the number of bacteria decreases in the samples due to the increase of the number of dead or injured cells interfering with microbial flora (Figure 15).This bacteria cause food born infections from mild to severe diarrhoea. This is a big concern in angling industry as the fishermen who eat food after handling the contaminated larva without washing their hands. Therefore they develop illnesses such as food poisoning and diarrheal illnesses.1.9. ReferencesAdams,Z.J.O. and Hall,M.J.R. (2003) Methods used for the killing and preservation of blowfly larvae, and their effect on post-mortem larval length. Forensic Science International 138, 50-61.Ahmad,A., Nagaraja,T.G. and Zurek,L. (2007) Transmission of Escherichia coli O157H7 to cattle by house flies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 80, 74-81.Bennet S.M. (2008) Musca domestica.Bennet, S. M. (2008) Musca domestica.Cohen,D., Green,M., Block,C., Slepon,R., Ambar,R., Wasserman,S.S. and Levine,M.M. (1991) reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica). The Lancet 337, 993-997.Fotedar,R., Banerjee,U., Singh,S., Shriniwas and Verma,A.K. (1992) The housefly (Musca domestica) as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms in a hospital environment. Journal of infirmary Infection 20, 209-215.Frster,M., Klimpel,S. and Sievert,K. (2009) The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany. Veterinary Parasitology 160, 163-167.Giangiuliani,G., Lucchi,A., Vinson,S.B. and Bin,F. (1994) External anatomy of adult antennal sensilla of the fly, Trichopoda pennipes F. (Diptera Tachinidae). International Journal of sucking louse Morphology and Embryology 23, 105-113.Graczyk,T.K., Knight,R., Gilman,R.H. and Cranfield,M.R. (2001) The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection 3, 231-235.Grbel, P. and Cave,D.R. (2004) Sanitation and houseflies (Musca domestica) Factors for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori. Bulletin de lInstitut Pasteur 96, 83-91.Hou,L., Shi,Y., Zhai,P. and Le,G. (2007) antibacterial activity and in vitro anti-tumor activity of the extract of the larvae of the housefly (Musca domestica). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111, 227-231.Jones,G. and Wall,R. (2008) Maggot-therapy in veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science 85, 394-398.Kurashi, H. (2008) 109. Family CALLIPHORIDE.Li,Q., Lu,R., Huo,R. and Fu,H. (2009) Maggots of musca domestica in sermon of acute intractable wound. Surgery 145, 122-123.Merih,C. (2008) Neonatal myiasis a case report. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 581-584.Schoofs,A., Niederegger,S. and Spie,R. (2009) From behavior to fictive feeding Anatomy, innervation and activation conformation of pharyngeal muscles of Calliphora vicina 3rd instar larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology 55, 218-230.Singh,G.J.P. and Vardanis,A. (1984) Chitinases in the house fly, Musca domestica Pattern of activity in the life cycle and preliminary characterization. Insect Biochemistry 14, 215-218.Stevens,J.R. (2003) The evolution of myiasis in blowflies (Calliphoridae). International Journal for Parasitology 33, 1105-1113.van der Plas,M.J.A., van der Does,A.M., Baldry,M., Dogterom-Ballering,H.C.M., van Gulpen,C., van Dissel,J.T., Nibbering,P.H. and Jukema,G.N. (2007) Maggot excretions/secretions inhibit multiple neutrophil pro-inflammatory responses. Microbes and Infection 9, 507-514.Wooldridge,J., Scrase,L. and Wall,R. (2007) Flight activity of the blowflies, Calliphora vomitoria and Lucilia sericata, in the dark. Forensic Science International 172, 94-97.

Homebuying 101: An Affordable Challenge Essay -- Journalism Essays

Homebuying 101 An Affordable ChallengeFor the past four weeks, Natalie Delsoin and 24 other Boston residents have been expending their Tuesday nights learning the ins and outs of affordable lodgement. Delsoin recently moved to Dorcester after a military stint in Germany, and she hopes to someday own a home. She plans on that day culmination sooner rather than later. Delsoins biggest concern is her 2 year-old daughter.I need a single family home that is safe and safe for my child, she said.The class instructor, Tanya Townshend, teaches 30 to 60 people in each of her homebuyers classes. Townshend works as an assistant property manager for Maloney Properties, a New England real estate chain that presenters a f are of sessions for homebuyers.Townshend said about 10% (of class attendants) seem to be ready to buy after her four week seminar. The rest attend more classes or work on improving their credit rating before bidding on a home.Boston is one of the tightest hold markets in the country. Many first-time homebuyers are looking for any advantage they can get in finding their first home. For many homebuyers, affordable housing is the only realistic option. However, affordable housing is limited and there are a number of obstacles for families seeking to go that route. To help with the process, the city of Boston and a handful of community development groups sponsor first-time homeowner courses and support programs for people interested in affordable housing.According to a August 2000 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) low income housing study, the overall vacancy rate for rental units in the Boston was 4.1% in 1998 compared to 6.7% for the Northeast region and 7.9% for the country. The h... ... at the assessment shows this duplex has no remodeling work done, the exterior and interior structures are poor, and the interior finish is graded as substandard. For a two-family home, it offers a decent accommodation each residence has three bed rooms and one and a half bathrooms, as well as over 1,700 feet of living space. Significant depreciation in property value indicates the place is extremely run down.For future first-time homeowners, a tight housing market and constantly changing neighborhoods make finding the right home a difficult choice. The market is full of impairment choices. Potential buyers like Natalie Delsoin and James Creed hold out hope when their lottery number is picked, there are still affordable housing options delay for them. Creed says that regardless of when that time comes, the classes make you go in with your eyes more wide open.

Americans Motivation to Work Essay -- Labor Supply Economics

Americans Motivation to Work The majority of Americans get up each morning and go to work in order to earn money. moreover what are the true motivators for working and where do they come from? How do wage rates and other forms of compensation affect the quantity of labor supplied to the market? This bear witness will discuss how labor effects the economy. Each person working plays a role in society and production output. These are areas that need to be addressed when the supply of labor is being discussed. The motivation to work arises from a variety of social, psychological and economic forces. People need income to pay their bills, feel that they kick in a role in society and also feel a sense of acheivement. Although there is always a choice, that is not working and not acquiring paid. People choose between labor and leisure according to the percieved rewards of each. The marginal utility of labor reflects the satisifaction to be gained from added income, as well as an y reign pleasure a job whitethorn provide. A worker compares these satisfactions with those of leisure and chooses the one that yeilds the greatest utility for available time and wage rates.As it may seem obvisous to some, the more a worker gets paid, the more encouragement that worker has to work more hours and produce more output. Thus, higher wages may increase the marginal utility of an hours labor, this being a substitiute for labor. But it can also have the opposite effect. This being that if a wor...

America Must Censor Internet Pornography :: Pornography Censorship

Since their founding, reckoners and the Internet have become a tool that nearly every man, woman, and child in the World have been able to use. email has become one of the Worlds fastest growing ways of communication and the Internet has become one, if not the largest source of information for sale today. You can find however about everything you wanted to know about anything with the stroke of a few keys on the keyboard. However, along with these positive aspects of the Internet, there lies much negativity surrounding the mesh and its use. Access to teenage pornography, bestiality, brutal murder pictures, XXX stories, and other un-ethical ranks is extremely easy. In fact, the pornography industry has grown 63% since the Internet was first available for use.(Bishop 91) It is one of the leading industries on the Internet and has become quite a controversy in the United States. Censorship of such sites has done very diminished due to the fact that most p arnts feel that t hese sites are not accessed by their children. We have currently found no solution that has worked and many government officials check up on the problem only getting worse. Pornography on the Internet though should not be banned, but rather better controlled and censored due to its availability and graphic nature. Pornography on the Internet is available in different formats. These range from pictures and short animated movies, to sound files and stories. Most of this kind of pornographic theme is available through World Wide Web pages. The Internet also makes it possible to discuss sex, see live sex acts, and arrange sexual activities from computer screens. There are also sex related discussions on the Internet Relay Chat channels where users in small groups or in nonpublic channels exchange messages and files.(Akdenis, 1997) There are millions of different pornographic sites on the internet, so there is almost no way of regulating every site unless there was some type of a universal censorship required for every site. Nearly every one of these millions and millions of sites is accessed daily. Men, women, and children of every age and race are on the Internet looking at inappropriate sites every day. Over 2/3 of Americans who have access to the Internet have accessed pornographic or other un-ethical sites, and the numbers are only growing.